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  • Nepal Telecom Exam Preparation (Level 7) : Dipak Kumar Nidhi

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    The document discusses MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), including its advantages over traditional IP routing and ATM. It describes MPLS architecture with label edge routers (LERs) and label switching routers (LSRs). MPLS works by having ingress LERs add labels to packets, LSRs swap or pop labels, and egress LERs remove labels. This allows for fast packet forwarding, quality of service, and integration of different traffic types on the same network. The key benefits of MPLS are improved performance, scalability, and support for applications requiring low latency like voice and video.

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    MPLS

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    The document discusses MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), including its advantages over traditional IP routing and ATM. It describes MPLS architecture with label edge routers (LERs) and label switching routers (LSRs). MPLS works by having ingress LERs add labels to packets, LSRs swap or pop labels, and egress LERs remove labels. This allows for fast packet forwarding, quality of service, and integration of different traffic types on the same network. The key benefits of MPLS are improved performance, scalability, and support for applications requiring low latency like voice and video.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 views22 pages

    Nepal Telecom Exam Preparation (Level 7) : Dipak Kumar Nidhi

    Uploaded by

    Dipak Kumar Nidhi
    The document discusses MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), including its advantages over traditional IP routing and ATM. It describes MPLS architecture with label edge routers (LERs) and label switching routers (LSRs). MPLS works by having ingress LERs add labels to packets, LSRs swap or pop labels, and egress LERs remove labels. This allows for fast packet forwarding, quality of service, and integration of different traffic types on the same network. The key benefits of MPLS are improved performance, scalability, and support for applications requiring low latency like voice and video.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    of 22

    Nepal Telecom Exam Preparation

    (Level 7)

    Dipak Kumar Nidhi


    Multiprotocol Label
    Switching (MPLS)
    Internet Protocol(IP)
    • The first defined and used protocol

    • The only protocol for global internetworking

    …..but there are disadvantages


    Internet Protocol(IP)
    IP Routing disadvantages
    • Connectionless
     eg. No QoS

    • Each router has to make independent forwarding decisions based on the IP-
    address

    • Large IP header
     At least 20 bytes header

    • Routing in Network Layer


     Slower then switching

    • Usually designed to obtain shortest path


     Do not take into account additional metrics
    ATM
    ATM
    • Connection oriented
     Support QOS

    • Fast packet switching with fixed length packets (cells)

    • Integration of different traffic types(voice, data, and video)

    …..but there are also disadvantages


    ATM
    ATM Disadvantages
    • Complex

    • Expensive

    • Not widely adopted


    MPLS
    Idea : Combine the forwarding algorithm used in ATM and IP

    MPLS : Multi-Protocol Level Switching


    MPLS Protocol
    MPLS Protocol
    MPLS Protocol
    • Mechanisms to manage traffic flows of various granularities (Flow
    management)

    • Is independent of Layer-2 and Layer-3 Protocols

    • Maps IP addresses to fixed length labels

    • Interfaces to existing protocols(RSVP, OSPF)

    • Supports ATM, Frame-Relay and Ethernet


    MPLS Protocol
    • A protocol to establish an end-to-end path from source to destination

    • A hop-by-hop forwarding mechanism

    • Use labels to set up path


     Require a protocol to set up the labels along the path

    • It builds a connection-oriented service on the IP network

     MPLS is designed to speed up and shape traffic flows across enterprise


    wide area and service provider networks.

     First MPLS working group is IETF(The Internet Engineering Task Force)


    formed in 1997
    MPLS Architecture
    MPLS Architecture
    Label Switching Router(LSR) –
    Routers that support MPLS are called the LSR
    Label Edge Router (LER) –
    LSR at the edge of the networks are called Edge LSR
    • Ingress LSR
    It is responsible for adding labels to unlabeled IP Packets.
    • Engress LSR
    It is responsible for removing the labels.
    • Intermediate LSRs
    Intermediate LSRs receive on incoming label packets, perform an
    operation on it, switch the packet, and send the packet on the correct
    data link
    MPLS Architecture
    Label Switch path(LSP)
    The path defined by the labels through LSRs between two LERs
     LSP is unidirectional
    Forward Equivalent Class(FEC)
    All IP packets follow the same path on the MPLS network and receive the same
    treatment at each node.
    MPLS Architecture
    How does MPLS works?
    MPLS Architecture
    How does MPLS works?
    When an LSR receives a packet, it performs one or more of the following action
    • Push
     Adds a label
     This is typically performed by the ingress router
    • Swap
     Replace label
     This is usually performed by the LSRs between the ingress and egress
    • Pop
     Removes a label
     This is most often done by egress router
    MPLS Network
    Label and labeled packet

    32-bit MPLS header

    A “Labelled Packet” is a packet into which a label has been encoded


    Label and labeled packet
    MPLS label is a fixed field of 32 bits with a certain structure

    • Label
     Label value (0 to 15 are reserved for special use)

    • Exp bits
     Experimental bits are used for quality of service (QoS)

    • S/BoS Bottom of the stack (BoS)


     Bit set to 1 for the last entry in the label

    • TTL (Time to live )


     If the TTL of the label reaches 0, the packet is discarded
    MPLS
    Advantages
    • Improves packet-forwarding performance in the network and support QOS

    • Supports Network Scalability

    • Integrates IP and ATM in the network

    • It is good for real-time applications that can not tolerate latency, such as
    video, voice and mission oriented critical data

    • Data and voice apps can all be run on the same MPLS network

    • The benefits of MPLS are scalability, performance, better bandwidth


    utilization, reduced network congestion and better end-use experience
    MPLS
    Disadvantages
    • An additional layer is added

    • The router has to understand MPLS


    Thanks

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