Power and Efficiency;

Conservation of Energy

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Introduction

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Power and Efficiency
Power
• Defined as the amount of work performed per
unit of time
• Power generated by a machine or engine that
performs an amount of work dU within a time
interval dt is dU
P
dt
• When dU is expressed by dU = F.dr, we have
P = F.v
• SI unit for power is watt (W) and defined as
1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N.m/s
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Power and Efficiency
Efficiency
• The mechanical efficiency of a machine is
defined as the ratio of useful output power
produced by the machine to the input of power
supplied to the machine
power output

power input
• If energy applied to the machine
occurs during the same time
interval at which it is removed
energy output

energy input
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Example 1: U12  Fs s
A spring having a stiffness 5
1 2
kNm is compressed a U12  ks
distance 400 mm. The stored 2
energy in the spring is used to 1
U12  (5x103 )0.4 2  ___ 400 J
drive a machine which 2
requires power 90 W. U1 2
Determine how long the Power 
t
spring can supply energy at
the required rate.
U1 2 (U12 )
t   4.4
___s
Power 90

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5
 Example 2
The motor M of the hoist operates
with an efficiency of ε = 0.85.
Determine the electrical power that
must be supplied to the motor to lift
the 375-N crate C at the instant
point P on the cable has an
acceleration of 1.2m/s2, and a
velocity of 0.6 m/s.
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Example 2
Solution
From the FBD,
375
   Fy  ma y ;  2T  375  ac
9.81

Since 2sC  s,Pdifferentiating

l this expression
twice with respect to time, and substituting aP =
+1.2 m/s2
2aC  aP
2  T  199.0 N
aC  0.6m / s
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Example 2
Solution
The power output required to draw the cable
in at a rate of 0.6 m/s is
P  T  v  119 .4W

This power output requires that the motor

provide a power input of
1
power input  ( power output )

1
 (119 .4)  140.5W
0.85 8
 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
The energy in a system remains
constant if only conservative
forces are doing work to the
system
Conservative Force
• A force with the property that the
work done to object depends only
on its initial and final positions
(independent of the path)
• Example: the weight of a particle
and the force developed by a
spring.
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Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Energy
• Energy is defined as the capacity for doing
work
• Kinetic energy is associated with the motion of
the particle.
• Potential energy is associated with the position
of the particle, measured from a fixed datum or
reference plane.

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 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Kinetic vs Potential Energy.

The effect of position and motion to potential and kinetic energy.

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 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy. Vg  Wy
• The potential energy itself is not of
interest, but the change in potential
energy is important.
• When a particle is located a
distance y above a datum, the
weight W has positive gravitational
potential energy Vg

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Arbitrary Datum
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy
• When an elastic spring is
elongated or compressed
from un-stretched position,
the elastic potential energy
is 1 2
Ve   ks
2
• Datum is always at
unstretched position
• Ve is always positive

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 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Potential Function.
• When particle subjected to both
gravitational and elastic forces, the
potential energy is
V  Vg  Ve

• The work done by a conservative

force in moving the particle from
one point to another point is:
U1 2  V1  V2
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 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Potential Function.
• Example of a particle of weight W
suspended from a spring. We have
1 2
V  Vg  Ve  Ws  ks
2
• If the particle moves from S1 to a
lower position s2, the work done by
conservative forces is:
 1 2  1 2
U1 2  V1  V2    Ws1  ks1     Ws 2  ks2 
 2   2 
1 2 1 2
 W ( s2  s1 )   ks2  ks1 
2 2 
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 Conservation of
Energy
• Work done by the conservative forces can be
written in terms of the difference in their potential
energies, i.e.  U12 cons.  V1  V2
• If only conservative forces are applied to the body
when moving from state to state, the principle of
work and energy can be written as:
T1   U1 2 cons.  T2
T1  (V1  V2 )  T2
T1  V1  T2  V2
• This is called conservation of mechanical energy or
conservation of energy
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Conservation of Energy

T1  V1  T2  V2

 T  V  const

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Conservation of
Energy of Analysis
Procedures
Potential Energy
• Draw 2 diagrams showing particle’s initial and
final points along the path
• When particle is in vertical displacement,
establish the fixed horizontal datum to measure
the particle’s gravitational potential energy
1 2
• Recall Vg = Wy; Ve  ks , which is always
2
positive. 19
 Conservation of Energy
Procedures of Analysis
Conservation of Energy
• Apply the equation

T1  V1  T2  V2
• When determining the kinetic energy,
speed v must be measured from an inertial
reference frame
1 2
T  mv
2

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 Example 3
The gantry structure is used to test the response of
an airplane during a crash. The plane of mass 8-Mg
is hoisted back until θ = 60°, and then pull-back
cable AC is released when the plane is at rest.
Determine the speed of the plane just before
crashing into the ground, θ = 15°. Also, what is the
maximum tension developed in the supporting cable
during the motion?

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Example 3
Solution
Potential Energy
The datum is assumed
at the top of the gantry
Conservation of Energy
TA  VA  TB  VB
1
0  8000(9.81)( 20 cos 60 )  (8000)vB2  8000(9.81)( 20 cos15 )


2
 vB  13.5m / s
Equation of Motion
(13.5) 2
 Fn  man ; T  8000(9.81) N cos15  (8000) 20


 T  149kN 22
Example 4
A smooth 2-kg collar C, fits loosely
on the vertical shaft. If the spring is
un-stretched when the collar is in
the position A, determine the speed
at which the collar is moving when y
= 1 m if (a) it is released from rest at
A, and (b) it is released at A with an
upward velocity vA = 2 m/s.

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 Example 4
•Solution
Part (a)
Potential energy
Datum is assumed at AB.
At C, gravitational potential energy
1 2
is –(mg)y; elastic energy is ksCB
2
TA  VA  TC  VC sCB = 1.25 – 0.75 = 0.5m
1 1 2
0  0  mvC2   ksCB  mgy 
2 2 
1 1
0  0   (2)vC2    (3)(0.5) 2  2(9.81)(1)
2  2 
vC  4.39m / s 
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 Example 4

•Solution
Part (b)
Conservation of Energy
If vA = 2 m/s, we have
TA  VA  TC  VC
1 2 1 2 1 2
mv A  0  mvC   ksCB  mgy 
2 2 2 
1 1 2  1
(2)( 2)  0   (2)vC    (3)(0.5) 2  2(9.81)(1)
2 
2 2  2 
vC  4.82m / s 
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Example 5
Each of the two elastic rubber bands of the slingshot has
an unstretched length of 200 mm. If they are pulled back
to the position shown and released from rest, determine
the maximum height the 25 g pellet will reach if it is fired
vertically upward. Neglect the mass of the rubber bands
and the change in elevation of the pellet while it is
constrained by the rubber
a=0.24m,
bands. Each rubber band b=0.05m
has a stiffness k = 50 N/m.

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 a=0.24m,
Solution 5 b=0.05m

Conservation of Energy.

T1  V1  T2  V2
1
 2 2
2

0  2  k 0.050m  0.240m  0.200m   0  Mgh
2 
h
50 N/m
2
0.025kg(9.81m/s )
 2 2
0.050m  0.240m  0.200m2

h  0.416m

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Example 6
The roller-coaster car has a mass of 800 kg, including its
passenger. If it is released from rest at the top of the hill A,
determine the minimum height h of the hill so that the car
travels around both inside loops without leaving the track.
Neglect friction, the mass of the wheels, and the size of the
car. What is the normal reaction on the car when the car is at
B and at C?

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 Solution 6
Since friction is neglected, the car will travel around the 7-
m loop provided it first travels around the 10-m loop.
For h to be minimum:  NB = 0
Datum
(h-20)

NB +

Solve above equations:

The minimum height,

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Solution 6 (cont.):
The normal reaction on the car when the car is at B and at C

Datum
At B, for h to be minimum:

 NB = 0

At C:

The normal reaction at C: 

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