Functions

Prepared by:
Teresita P. Liwanag - Zapanta
 OBJECTIVES
• distinguish functions and relations

• identify domain and range of a

function/relation

evaluate functions/relations.

• perform operation on functions/relations

DEFINITION
Relation is referred to as any set of ordered pair.
Conventionally, It is represented by the ordered pair
( x , y ). x is called the first element or x-coordinate
while y is the second element or y-coordinate of the
ordered pair.
Ways of Expressing a Relation

1. Set notation 4. Graph

2. Tabular form 5. Mapping

3. Equation
Example: Express the relation y = 2x;x= 0,1,2,3
.
in 5 ways.
1. Set notation
(a) S = { ( 0, 0) , ( 1, 2 ) , ( 2, 4 ), ( 3, 6) }
or
(b) S = { (x , y) such that y = 2x, x = 0, 1, 2,
3}
2. Tabular
form
x 0 1 2 3
y 0 2 4 6
3. Equation: y = 2x

4. Graph 5. Mapping
y x y
5
4 ●
3 0
0
2 ● 1 2
1
● x 2 4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1 1 2 3 4 5
3 6
-2
-3
-4
-5
DEFINITION: Domain and Range

All the possible values of x is called the domain and all the
possible values of y is called the range. In a set of ordered
pairs, the set of first elements and second elements of
ordered pairs is the domain and range, respectively.
Example: Identify the domain and range of the following
relations.

1.) S = { ( 4, 7 ),( 5, 8 ),( 6, 9 ),( 7, 10 ),( 8, 11 ) }

Answer : D: { 4,5,6,7,8} R:{7,8,9,10,11}

 2.) S = { ( x , y ) s. t. y = | x | ; x  R }
Answer: D: all real nos. R: all real nos. > 0
(,) [0,)
3) y=x2 –5
Answer. D: all real nos. R: all real nos. > -5
(,) [5,)
4) |y|= x
Answer: D: all real nos. > 0 R: all real nos.
[0,) (,)
 g)

Answer:
2x D: all real nos. except -2
5. y 
x2
R: all real nos. except 2
D : (,)except  2 D : (,)except  2

Answer :
6. y  x 1 D: all real nos. > –1
D : [1,) R: all real nos. > 0
R : [0,)
Answer:
3x
7. y  D: all real nos. < 3
x3 R: all real nos. except 0
D : (,3) D : (,)except 0
Exercises: Identify the domain and range of the
following relations.
1. {(x,y) | y = x 2 – 4 } 6. y = | x – 7 |

2. (x, y) y  3x  7. y = 25 – x 2

3. ( x, y) y  x9  8. y = (x 2 – 3) 2

3x  5
 3x  9. y 
4. ( x, y ) y   x
 2  x
2
10. x  25
 
5. ( x, y ) y  x 2  3 x  4 y
x5
 PROBLEM SET #5-1
FUNCTIONS
Identify the domain and range of the following relations.
 Definition: Function
•A function is a special relation such that every first
element is paired to a unique second element.

•It is a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs having

the same first element.
 Functions

One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Consider the following graphs

3
y  x 1 y  sin x 

and

Each value of x maps to only one Each value of x maps to only one
value of y . . . value of y...
and each y is mapped from only BUT many other x values map to
one x. that y.
 Functions

One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Consider the following graphs

y  x 1 3 y  sin x 

and

y  x 3
 1 is an example of a y  sin x  is an example of a
many-to-one function
one-to-one function

One-to-many is NOT a function. It is just a

relation. Thus a function is a relation but a relation
could never be a function.
Example: Identify which of the following
relations are functions.

a) S = { ( 4, 7 ), ( 5, 8 ), ( 6, 9 ), ( 7, 10 ), ( 8, 11 ) }

b) S = { ( x , y ) s. t. y = | x | ; x  R }
c) y=x2 –5
d) |y|= x
2x
e) y  x  2

f) y  x 1
 DEFINITION: Function Notation

•Letters like f , g , h and the likes are used to designate

functions.

• When we use f as a function, then for each x in the

domain of f , f ( x ) denotes the image of x under f .

• The notation f ( x ) is read as “ f of x ”.

EXAMPLE: Evaluate each function value
1. If f ( x ) = x + 9 , what is the value of f ( x 2 ) ?
2. If g ( x ) = 2x – 12 , what is the value of g (– 2 )?

3. If h ( x ) = x 2 + 5 , find h ( x + 1 ).
4.If f(x) = x – 2 and g(x) = 2x2 – 3 x – 5 ,

Find: a) f(g(x)) b) g(f(x))

 Piecewise Defined Function
A piecewise defined function is defined
by different formulas on different parts
of its domain.
Example:
3x
x
2
if x<0 
1.f ( x )   2.f ( x )  x  1
x  1 if x  0 ( x  2) 2

 Piecewise Defined Function
EXAMPLE: Evaluate the piecewise function at the
indicated values.
x 2 if x<0
1.f ( x )   f(-2), f(-1), f(0), f(1), f(2)
x  1 if x  0

3x if x  0

2.f ( x )   x  1 if 0  x  2
( x  2) 2 if x  2


f(-5), f(0), f(1),

f(5)
DEFINITION: Operations on Functions
If f (x) and g (x) are two functions, then
a)Sum and Difference
( f + g ) ( x ) = f(x) +
g(x)
b)Product
( f g ) ( x ) = [ f(x) ] [ g(x) ]

c)Quotient
( f / g ) ( x ) = f(x) / g(x)

d) Composite
( f ◦ g ) ( x ) = f (g(x))
 Example :1. Given f(x) = 11– x and g(x) = x 2 +2x –
10
evaluate each of the following functions
a. f(-5)
b. g(2)
c. (f  g)(5)
d. (f - g)(4)
e. f(7)+g(x)
f. g(-1) – f(-4)
g. (f ○ g)(x)
h. (g ○ f)(x)
i. (g ○ f)(2)
2
j. (f○ g) )
(x
2. Given: and
Evaluate the following and determine the domain of
the resulting function.
a.
 PROBLEM SET# 5-2
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
I. Evaluate.
Given:
Find: a. b. c. d.
II. Given :
Evaluate the following and determine the domain of the
resulting function.

III. Given:
Define the following and determine the domain of the resulting
function.
 DEFINITION: Graph of a Function

•If f(x) is a function, then its graph is the set of all points

(x,y) in the two-dimensional plane for which (x,y) is an

ordered pair in f(x)

• One way to graph a function is by point plotting.

• We can also find the domain and range from the

graph of a function.
Example: Graph each of the following
functions.
1.y  3x  5 5.y  2 x 3

2.y  x  1
6. 3x  5
2 y
3.y  16  x x
2
4.y  x  5 7.y   x  4
 Graph of piecewise defined function
The graph of a piecewise function consists of separate
functions.
Example: Graph each piecewise function.
x 2 if x  1
1.f ( x )  
2 x  1 if x  1

 x if x  0
 2
if 0  x  3
2.f ( x )  9  x
x  3 if x  1

Plot the points in the coordinate plane

x
-2 1
Plot the points in the coordinate plane

x
-2 1
 Graph of absolute value function.
Recall that
x if x0
x 
 x if x0

Using the same method that we used in graphing

piecewise function, we note that the graph of f
coincides with the line y=x to the right of the y axis
and coincides with the line y= -x the left of the y-axis.
Example: Graph each of the follow
functions.
1.
y=|x–7|

4.
y = x-| x - 2 |
Plot the points in the coordinate plane

x
-2 1
 PROBLEM SET #5-2
Functions
Sketch the graph of the following function and determine its
domain and range.
 Definition: Greatest integer function.

The greatest integer function is defined by

x   greatest integer less than or equal to x
Example: 1. 1  1 3.4  3

0  0

0.1  0 1.2  1  3.4  -4

0.3  0 1.9  1  0.9  -1
0.9  0 2  2

1  1 2.1  2
 Definition: Least integer function.

The least integer function is defined by

x   least integer greater than or equal to x

Example: 1.1  3.4  4

0  0 2

0.1  1 1.2  2  3.4  -3

0.3  1 1.9  2  0.9  0
0.9  1 2  2
1  1 2.1  3
 Graph of greatest integer function.

Sketch the graph of y  x 

x y  x 
 2  x  1 2
1  x  0 1
0  x 1 0
1 x  2 1
2x3 2
Plot the points in the coordinate plane

x
-2 1
 Graph of least integer function.

Sketch the graph of y  x 

x y  x 
 2  x  1 1
1  x  0 0
0  x 1 1
1 x  2 2
2x3 3
Plot the points in the coordinate plane
y

x
-2 1