Fundamentals of Programming

Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Programming
03/08/22 1
Programs
Computer programs, known as software, are instructions to
the computer.
You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without

programs, a computer is an empty machine. Computers do
not understand human languages, so you need to use
computer languages to communicate with them.
Programs are written using programming languages.
2
Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
Machine language is a set of primitive instructions

built into every computer. The instructions are in
the form of binary code, so you have to enter binary
codes for various instructions. Program with native
machine language is a tedious process. Moreover
the programs are highly difficult to read and
modify. For example, to add two numbers, you
might write an instruction in binary like this:

1101101010011010
3
Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language
The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn

and program. For example, the following is a high-level
language statement that computes the area of a circle with
radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;
4
Interpreting Source Code
An interpreter reads one statement from the source code, translates it to the
machine code or virtual machine code, and then executes it right away, as shown in
the following figure. Note that a statement from the source code may be translated
into several machine instructions.
5
Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and
deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop
computers, and small hand-held devices. The future of
computing is being profoundly influenced by the Internet,
and Java promises to remain a big part of that future. Java
is the Internet programming language.
Java is a general purpose programming language.

Java is the Internet programming language.
6
Java, Web, and Beyond
Java can be used to develop standalone
applications.
Java can be used to develop applications
running from a browser.
Java can also be used to develop applications
for hand-held devices.
Java can be used to develop applications for
Web servers.
7
Java’s History
James Gosling and Sun Microsystems
Oak
Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World
HotJava
◦ The first Java-enabled Web browser
Early History Website:
8
Characteristics of Java
Java Is Simple
Java Is Object-Oriented
Java Is Distributed
Java Is Interpreted
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance
Java Is Multithreaded
Java Is Dynamic
9
Java Is Simple Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly
Java Is Object-Oriented simplified and improved. Some people refer to
Java as "C++--" because it is like C++ but
Java Is Distributed with more functionality and fewer negative
aspects.
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Portable
Java Is Dynamic
10
Java Is Simple Java is inherently object-oriented.
Java Is Object-Oriented Although many object-oriented languages
began strictly as procedural languages,
Java Is Distributed Java was designed from the start to be
object-oriented. Object-oriented
programming (OOP) is a popular
Java Is Robust programming approach that is replacing
traditional procedural programming
Java Is Secure techniques.
One of the central issues in software
Java Is Portable development is how to reuse code. Object-
Java's Performance oriented programming provides great
flexibility, modularity, clarity, and
Java Is Multithreaded reusability through encapsulation,
Java Is Dynamic inheritance, and polymorphism.
11
Java Is Simple Distributed computing involves several
Java Is Object-Oriented computers working together on a network.
Java is designed to make distributed
Java Is Distributed computing easy. Since networking
capability is inherently integrated into
Java, writing network programs is like
Java Is Robust sending and receiving data to and from a
file.
Java Is Secure
Java Is Portable
Java Is Dynamic
12
Java Is Simple You need an interpreter to run Java
Java Is Object-Oriented programs. The programs are compiled into
the Java Virtual Machine code called
Java Is Distributed bytecode. The bytecode is machine-
independent and can run on any machine
that has a Java interpreter, which is part of
Java Is Robust the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Java Is Secure
Java Is Portable
Java Is Dynamic
13
Java Is Simple Java compilers can detect many problems
Java Is Object-Oriented that would first show up at execution time
in other languages.
Java has eliminated certain types of error-
prone programming constructs found in
Java Is Robust other languages.
Java Is Secure Java has a runtime exception-handling
Java Is Architecture-Neutral feature to provide programming support
for robustness.
Java Is Portable
Java Is Dynamic
14
Java Is Simple
Java implements several security
Java Is Robust mechanisms to protect your system against
Java Is Secure harm caused by stray programs.
Java Is Portable
Java Is Dynamic
15
Java Is Simple
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Architecture-Neutral Write once, run anywhere
Java Is Portable With a Java Virtual Machine (JVM),

Java's Performance you can write one program that will
run on any platform.
Java Is Dynamic
16
Java Is Simple
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Portable Because Java is architecture neutral,
Java programs are portable. They can
Java's Performance be run on any platform without being
recompiled.
Java Is Dynamic
17
Java Is Simple
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Portable Java’s performance Because Java is
architecture neutral, Java programs
Java's Performance are portable. They can be run on any
platform without being recompiled.
Java Is Dynamic
18
Java Is Simple
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Portable
Java's Performance Multithread programming is smoothly
integrated in Java, whereas in other
languages you have to call procedures
Java Is Dynamic specific to the operating system to enable
multithreading.
19
Java Is Simple
Java Is Robust
Java Is Secure
Java Is Portable
Java was designed to adapt to an evolving
Java's Performance environment. New code can be loaded on the
fly without recompilation. There is no need for
Java Is Multithreaded developers to create, and for users to install,
Java Is Dynamic major new software versions. New features can
be incorporated transparently as needed.
20
JDK Versions
JDK 1.02 (1995)
JDK 1.1 (1996)
JDK 1.2 (1998)
JDK 1.3 (2000)
JDK 1.4 (2002)
JDK 1.5 (2004) a. k. a. JDK 5 or Java 5
21
JDK Editions
Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
◦ J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
◦ J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such
as Java servlets, Java ServerPages, and Java ServerFaces.
Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
◦ J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile
devices such as cell phones.
22
Popular Java IDEs
NetBeans
Eclipse
23
Compiling Java Source Code
You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate
compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because
the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays
computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run
object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program
once, and compile the source program into a special type of object
code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer
with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown below. Java Virtual Machine is a
software that interprets Java bytecode.
24
Anatomy of a Java Program
Class name
Main method
Statements
Statement terminator
Reserved words
Comments
Blocks
03/08/22 25
Class Name
Every Java program must have at least one class. Each class has a name. By
convention, class names start with an uppercase letter. In this example, the class
name is Welcome.
// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
03/08/22 26
Main Method
Line 2 defines the main method. In order to run a class, the class must contain a
method named main. The program is executed from the main method.

}
}
03/08/22 27
Statement
A statement represents an action or a sequence of
actions. The statement System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!") in the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to
display the greeting "Welcome to Java!“.

}
}
03/08/22 28
Statement Terminator
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

}
}
03/08/22 29
Reserved words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For example, when the
compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word
after class is the name for the class.

}
}
03/08/22 30
Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.
public class Test {

Class block
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Method block
}
}
03/08/22 31
Special Symbols
Character Name Description
{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.

braces
() Opening and closing Used with methods.
parentheses
[] Opening and closing Denotes an array.
brackets
// Double slashes Precedes a comment line.
" " Opening and closing Enclosing a string (i.e., sequence of characters).
quotation marks
; Semicolon Marks the end of a statement.
03/08/22 32
{ …}

}
}
03/08/22 33
( … )

}
}
03/08/22 34
;

}
}
03/08/22 35
// …

}
}
03/08/22 36
"…"

}
}
03/08/22 37
Programming Style and
Documentation
Appropriate Comments
Naming Conventions
Proper Indentation and Spacing Lines
Block Styles
03/08/22 38
Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the program to explain what the program
does, its key features, its supporting data structures, and any unique techniques it
uses.
Include your name, class section, instructor, date, and a brief description at the
beginning of the program.
03/08/22 39
Naming Conventions
Choose meaningful and descriptive names.
Class names:
◦ Capitalize the first letter of each word in the name. For example, the class
name ComputeExpression.
03/08/22 40
Proper Indentation and Spacing
Indentation
◦ Indent two spaces.
Spacing
◦ Use blank line to separate segments of the code.
03/08/22 41
Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.
Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
End-of-line
style
public class Test {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}
03/08/22 42
Programming Errors
Syntax Errors
◦ Detected by the compiler
Runtime Errors
◦ Causes the program to abort
Logic Errors
◦ Produces incorrect result
03/08/22 43
Syntax Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java);
}
}
03/08/22 44
Syntax Errors
System.out.println("Welcome to Java")
}
}
03/08/22 45
Syntax Errors
system.out.println("Welcome to Java");
}
}
"
03/08/22 46
Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
System.out.println(1 / 0);
}
}
03/08/22 47
Logic Errors
public class ShowLogicErrors {
System.out.println("Celsius 35 is Fahrenheit degree ");
System.out.println((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
}
}
03/08/22 48
Compute Perimeter Area
public class Circle{

// TODO Auto-generated method stub
System.out.println("perimeter: ");
System.out.println(2 * 5.5 * 3.14159);
System.out.println("area: ");
System.out.println( 5.5 * 5.5 * 3.14159);
}
}
03/08/22 49

Fundamentals of Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fundamentals of Programming

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fundamentals of Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1

You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without

Programs are written using programming languages.

Machine language is a set of primitive instructions

The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn

Java is a general purpose programming language.

Early History Website:

Java Is Portable With a Java Virtual Machine (JVM),

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Test {

Character Name Description

{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

Next-line public class Test

public class Circle{

public static void main(String[] args) {

You might also like