Chapter 1 Introduction to Java

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 Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and
deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop
computers, and small hand-held devices. The future of
computing is being profoundly influenced by the Internet,
and Java promises to remain a big part of that future. Java
is the Internet programming language.

Java is a general purpose programming language.

Java is the Internet programming language.

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 Java, Web, and Beyond
 Java can be used to develop Web
applications.
 Java Applets
 Java Servlets and JavaServer Pages
 Java can also be used to develop applications
for hand-held devices such as Palm and cell
phones

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 Java’s History
 James Gosling and Sun Microsystems
 Oak
 Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World
 HotJava
– The first Java-enabled Web browser
 Early History Website:
http://java.sun.com/features/1998/05/birthday.html

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic
www.cs.armstrong.edu/liang/intro6e/JavaCharacteristics.pdf
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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly
simplified and improved. Some people refer to
 Java Is Object-Oriented Java as "C++--" because it is like C++ but
 Java Is Distributed with more functionality and fewer negative
aspects.
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java is inherently object-oriented.
Although many object-oriented languages
 Java Is Object-Oriented began strictly as procedural languages,
 Java Is Distributed Java was designed from the start to be
object-oriented. Object-oriented
 Java Is Interpreted programming (OOP) is a popular
 Java Is Robust programming approach that is replacing
 Java Is Secure traditional procedural programming
techniques.
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable One of the central issues in software
development is how to reuse code. Object-
 Java's Performance oriented programming provides great
 Java Is Multithreaded flexibility, modularity, clarity, and
reusability through encapsulation,
 Java Is Dynamic inheritance, and polymorphism.

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Distributed computing involves several
computers working together on a network.
 Java Is Object-Oriented Java is designed to make distributed
 Java Is Distributed computing (e.g. Web Services) easy. Since
networking capability is inherently
 Java Is Interpreted integrated into Java, writing network
 Java Is Robust programs is like sending and receiving
 Java Is Secure data to and from a file.
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple You need an interpreter to run Java
programs. The programs are compiled into
 Java Is Object-Oriented the Java Virtual Machine code called
 Java Is Distributed bytecode. The bytecode is machine-
independent and can run on any machine
 Java Is Interpreted that has a Java interpreter, which is part of
 Java Is Robust the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java compilers can detect many problems
that would first show up at execution time
 Java Is Object-Oriented in other languages.
 Java Is Distributed
Java has eliminated certain types of error-
 Java Is Interpreted prone programming constructs found in
 Java Is Robust other languages.
 Java Is Secure
Java has a runtime exception-handling
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral feature to provide programming support
 Java Is Portable for robustness.
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
Java implements several security
 Java Is Robust mechanisms to protect your system against
 Java Is Secure harm caused by stray programs.
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral Write once, run anywhere
 Java Is Portable With a Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
 Java's Performance you can write one program that will
run on any platform.
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable Because Java is architecture neutral,
Java programs are portable. They can
 Java's Performance be run on any platform without being
 Java Is Multithreaded recompiled.
 Java Is Dynamic

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable Because Java is architecture neutral,
Java programs are portable (moveable).
 Java's Performance They can be run on any platform
 Java Is Multithreaded without being recompiled.
 Java Is Dynamic

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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance Multithread programming is smoothly
 Java Is Multithreaded integrated in Java, whereas in other
 Java Is Dynamic languages you have to call procedures
specific to the operating system to enable
multithreading.
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Optional
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance Java was designed to adapt to an evolving
environment. New code can be loaded on the
 Java Is Multithreaded fly without recompilation. There is no need for
developers to create, and for users to install,
 Java Is Dynamic major new software versions. New features can
be incorporated transparently as needed.
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 JDK Versions
 JDK 1.02 (1995)
 JDK 1.1 (1996)
 JDK 1.2 (1998)
 JDK 1.3 (2000)
 JDK 1.4 (2002)
 JDK 1.5 (2004) a. k. a. JDK 5 or Java 5

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 JDK Editions
 Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side
standalone (independant) applications or applets.
 Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– J2EE can be used to develop server-side
applications such as Java servlets and Java
ServerPages.
 Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for
mobile devices such as cell phones.

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 Java IDE Tools
 Borland JBuilder
 NetBeans Open Source by Sun
 Sun ONE Studio by Sun MicroSystems
 Eclipse Open Source by IBM

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 A Simple Java Program
//This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to
Java!");
}
}

> javac Welcome.java

> java Welcome

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 Compiling Java Source Code
You can port a source program to any machine with appropriate
compilers. The source program must be recompiled, however, because
the object program can only run on a specific machine. Nowadays
computers are networked to work together. Java was designed to run
object programs on any platform. With Java, you write the program
once, and compile the source program into a special type of object
code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then run on any computer
with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown in the figure. Java Virtual
Machine is a software that interprets Java bytecode.
Java Bytecode

Java Virtual
Machine

Any
Computer

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Execute statement

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console

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 Anatomy of a Java Program
 Comments
 Package
 Reserved words
 Modifiers
 Statements
 Blocks
 Classes
 Methods
 The main method
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 Comments
In Java, comments are preceded by two slashes (//) in a
line, or enclosed between /* and */ in one or multiple
lines. When the compiler sees //, it ignores all text after //
in the same line. When it sees /*, it scans for the next */
and ignores any text between /* and */.

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 Package
The second line in the program specifies a package name,
for the class Welcome. Javac command compiles the
source code Welcome.java, then, generates
Welcome.class and store it under a directory which is
called as name of the package.

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 Reserved Words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For example, public,
static, void etc.

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 (Visibility or Access+) Modifiers
Java uses certain reserved words called modifiers that
specify the properties of the data, methods, and
classes and how they can be used. Examples of
modifiers are public and static. Other modifiers are
private, final, abstract, and protected.

public > protected > package (default) > private

http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/javaOO/acces
scontrol.html

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 Statements
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions.
The statement System.out.println("Welcome to Java!") in
the program is a statement to display the greeting
"Welcome to Java!" Every statement in Java ends with a
semicolon (;).

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 Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.

public class Test {

Class block
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Method block
}
}

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 Classes
The class is the essential Java construct. A class is a
template or blueprint for objects. To program in Java,
you must understand classes and be able to write and use
them. The mystery of the class will continue to be
unveiled throughout this book. For now, though,
understand that a program is defined by using one or
more classes.

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 Methods
What is System.out.println? It is a method: a collection
of statements that performs a sequence of operations to
display a message on the console. It can be used even
without fully understanding the details of how it works. It
is used by invoking a statement with a string argument.
The string argument is enclosed within parentheses. In
this case, the argument is "Welcome to Java!" You can
call the same println method with a different argument to
print a different message.

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 main Method
The main method provides the control of program flow.
The Java interpreter executes the application by invoking
the main method.
 
The main method looks like this:
 
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Statements;
}
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