ENE 262

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND

DRAFTING

Lecture 3

Lecturer Sara
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
REVIEW
 FACES OF THE OBJECT

There are six main faces of the object namely;

1. Front
2. Back or rear
3. Left side
4. Right Side
5. Top and
6. Bottom

That side of the object which contains the larger horizontal

dimension is generally fixed as the front side in case of machine
drawing, whereas in building drawing , front side of the building
is that side which has main entrance to the building.
 PROJECTION

 Projection
 Producing a 2D image of a 3D object.
 Projection is the process of causing an image to be formed by
rays of sight emerging from an object taken in a particular
direction from the object to a picture plane.
 Projection plane
 Plane is 2D graphic element having length, width, where third
dimension is negligible (paper) on which the image is formed.
 Picture plane in case of engineering drawing may be
considered as the drawing paper while the image formed on
the picture plane is called a view.
 PROJECTION

Object

Projection Line

View

Centre of Projection

Projection Plane
 TYPES OF PROJECTION

 Perspective projection: require

 Parallel projection: does not
distance from COP (point of
require distance from COP (point
observation) to PP (target
of observation) to PP (target
object)
object)
 Objects that are far away  Parallel projection is much like
appear smaller, and objects seeing objects through a
that are near appear large. telescope, letting parallel light
 Small distances produce rays into the eyes which produce
severe perspective effects; visual representations without
depth. *2D image
large distances produce mild
effects.
 TYPES OF PROJECTION

Perspective projection represents objects in a three-dimensional way.

The following illustration shows the same model in both a parallel projection
and perspective projection. Both are based on the same viewing direction.
 SPACE DIMENSIONS

 Length
 Width
 Height
 PLANES OF PROJECTION

There are three general planes of projection

 Frontal Plane
Any plane parallel to a vertical plane passing through main feature of
the object on the front is called frontal plane. This plane shows
height and width of the object
 End or Profile Plane
Any vertical plane at right angle to the frontal plane is called end or
profile plane, which includes height and length of the object.
 Horizontal plane
As the name implies this plane is horizontal and is at right angle to both
the frontal and the profile planes. The plane includes length and
width of the object.
PLANES OF PROJECTION

height

wid
th
length
 SPACE DIMENSIONS - REDEFINED
 Length
It is the perpendicular distance between two profile planes that
contain the object. Care must be taken for the inclined and the
curved surfaces while finding out the total length.
 Width
It is the perpendicular distance between two frontal planes that
contain the object.
 Height
It is the perpendicular distance between two horizontal planes
that contain the object. The dimension should always be
vertical.
 TYPES OF PARALLEL PROJECTION

 Orthographic projection
 Axonometric projection
 Oblique projection
 TYPES OF PARALLEL PROJECTION

Axonometric projection is a type of parallel

projection used for creating a pictorial drawing of an
object, where the object is rotated along one or more of
its axes relative to the plane of projection.
 TYPES OF PARALLEL PROJECTION

Oblique projection is a type of parallel projection in

which the projectors are parallel to one another but not
perpendicular to the plane of projection.
 TYPES OF PARALLEL PROJECTION

 Orthographic projection is the type of projection in which the projectors are

at right angle to the projection plane
 The lines of sight emerge from the major or minor side of the object to
projection planes. Collectively the views on these planes must describe the
object completely.
 An orthographic projection is a 2D representation of a 3D object.
 IMPORTANT POINTS
 The rays of sight are always parallel to each other and perpendicular
to the plane of projection.
 Actual dimensions of the object are represented on the views and we
may scale out the dimensions from these views.
 Orthographic views are always two dimensional, one of the three
general dimensions is missing in a particular view. Hence the shape
is not represented by a single view and generally three views from
different directions are required.
 Using certain fixed convention, we may also communicate the inner
shape of the object on these views.
 As a general rule, no shading or coloring is done in orthographic
views except in some special cases.
 SIX PRINCIPLE VIEWS

Any object can be

viewed from six
perpendicular views
 THE GLASS BOX

 One way to understand the standard arrangement of views on a

sheet of paper is to envision the object in a glass box
 The outside observer would see six standard views of the object
through the sides of this imaginary glass box
 GLASS BOX METHOD

The object is placed in a glass box.

The image of the object is projected on the sides of
the box.
The box is unfolded.
The sides of the box are the principle views.
The object is
placed in a glass
box.

The side of the

box represent the
6 principle planes.
SIX PRINCIPLE VIEWS
 NUMBER OF REQUIRED VIEWS

When drawing an orthographic projection you must include the

appropriate number of views to fully describe the true shape of the
part.
You may use a fewer number of views if you can fully describe the
part in the given views.
 How many views are required to fully describe a rectangular box?
 How many views are required to fully describe a sphere?
 NUMBER OF REQUIRED VIEWS

You may use additional views, such as the left, back,

or bottom views to describe an object if the object
cannot be fully described in the three standard views.

 Additional views such as section views, detail views

and auxiliary views (lines of sight are not parallel to
principle projection planes) may also be drawn.
 MEASUREMENT TRANSFER BETWEEN
VIEWS
Top and Bottom views
show LENGTH and
WIDTH.
Left and Right views
show HEIGHT and
WIDTH
Front and Rear views
show HEIGHT and
LENGTH.
The line (drawn at a 45°
angle) is used to transfer
depth measurements
between the top and
right side (or left side)
views.
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION

 Choose a front view. C

 Which view shows the most about
the object?
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION

 Decide how many

2
views are needed.
Front
 How many and which
views?
Top

For procedural reasons, we will

continue this example by
drawing all 3 standard views.
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

 Draw the visible

features of the
front view.
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

 Draw projectors
off of the front
view.
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

 Draw the top view.

 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

 Project back to
the front view.
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

 Draw a 45
projector off the
front view.
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

 Draw projectors
over to the 45
line and down.
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

 Draw the right

side view.
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

 Project back if
needed.
 CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

 Draw centerlines
where necessary.
CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
COMPLETED DRAWING
NORMAL PLANE
Normal Planes
will appear as an
edge in two views
and a true sized
plan in the
remaining view
when using three
views such as a
top, front and right
side.
 INCLINED PLANE

Inclined Planes
will appear as an
edge view in only
one of the three
views.
The inclined plane
will appear as a
rectangular surface
in the other two
views.
 OBLIQUE PLANES

 Oblique Planes will

not appear as an edge
view in any of the six
views since they are not
parallel or
perpendicular to the
projection planes.
 They always appear as
a “plane” and have the
same number of
corners in each of the
six views.
 FORESHORTENED LINES
 Foreshortened surfaces or Multiview drawings are unclear and
inaccurate representation of the true size or shape of the object.
 Identify the foreshortened lines in the orthographic projection
below.
 CURVED SURFACES

A cylinder will
appear as a circle
in one view and
a rectangular
shape the other
two views.
 AXIS AND CENTER LINES

 The axis appears

where the cylinder
appears rectangular.
 Axis is represented
by centre line.
 Center lines are used
to identify the center
of the cylinder where
it appears circular.
 CHOOSING THE FRONT VIEW

Considerations when choosing the front view of an

object.
 Choose the view that shows the most features or
characteristics of the object
 Choose the view that contains the least number of hidden
lines.
 Choose the view so the part is oriented with its longest
length parallel to the bottom of the drawing.
 FIRST- AND THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION

There are two main systems used for projecting and

unfolding the views:
 Third-angle projection which is used in the United States,
Canada and some other countries
 First-angle projection which is primarily used in Europe
and Asia
FIRST- AND THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION
FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION
THIRD-ANGLE PROJECTION
 HIDDEN LINES

 An advantage of orthographic views is that each view shows

the object all the way through as if it were transparent
 Thick dark lines represent visible features
 Dashed lines represent features that would be hidden behind other
surfaces
 When possible, choose views that show features with visible lines
Rules for drawing
hidden lines
 CENTERLINES

The centerline is used to:

 Show the axis of symmetry of a feature or part
 Indicate a path of motion
 Show the location for bolt circles or other circular patterns
The centerline pattern is composed of three dashes,
one long dash on each end with a short dash in the
middle
CENTERLINES
 PRECEDENCE OF LINES

When lines coincide on a drawing the rules of

precedence are:
 Visible lines always take precedence over hidden or
centerlines
 Hidden lines take precedence over centerlines
PRECEDENCE OF LINES
 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER…

 Choose the front view.

 Determine the number of required views.
 Identify the scale.
 Draw visible lines for the front view.
 Project the feature to draw the top view.
 Draw the hidden lines.
 Draw the center lines and center marks.
 In class
IN CLASS EXERCISE exercise

Draw the orthographic views of

 Journal bearing using first angle projection
 Open bearing using third angle projection

Note: Set the unit type to decimal and insertion scale to inches