Architectural drawing and presentation

Semester – 1
Lecture (5)
Orthographic Projection
OBJECT REPRESENTATION

Axonometric ‫حوري‬%‫سقاط ا‬+‫ا‬

projection
OBJECT REPRESENTATION

Multiview
projection
‫شاهد‬%‫سقاط متعدد ا‬.‫ا‬
PROJECTION SYSTEMS

Orthographic projection is a way of

drawing a 3D object from different
directions.
Usually, front, side, and Plan views are
drawn so that a person looking at the
drawing can see all the important sides.
 The three projections that the viewer sees are often
‫شاهد غالبا ً ما تكون كافية‬2‫ثة التي يراها ا‬9‫إن ا?سقاطات الث‬
sufficient to determine the body’s shape, dimensions,
‫ ولرسم هذه ا?سقاطات‬،‫لتحديد شكل الجسم وأبعاده وحجمه‬
and size. To draw these projections on the drawing
‫على ورق الرسم يجب أن نتبع أسلوبا ً محددا ً لترتيب رسم هذه‬
paper, we must follow a specific method to arrange the
‫ حيث يتم هذا الترتيب‬،‫ا?سقاطات نسبة إلى بعضها البعض‬
drawing of these projections relative to each other, as
‫ي^ وهما‬2‫حد النظام^ العا‬a ً ‫وفقا‬:-
this arrangement is made according to one of the two
•‫ولى‬a‫طريقة ا?سقاط بالزاوية ا‬
global systems, which are: -
•‫طريقة ا?سقاط بالزاوية الثانية‬
•The projection method at the first angle
•The projection method at the second angle
MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

Three principle dimensions … can be presented only

of an object … two in each view.

Adjacent view(s)
D is needed to
ep fulfill the size
Heigh th description.
t

Dept Hei
Widt
h ght
h

Widt Dept
h h
 TO OBTAIN MULTI-VIEW REPRESENTATION OF AN
OBJECT

1. Revolve the object with respect to observer.

1. The observer moves around the object.

REVOLVE THE OBJECT

Top view

Front view Right side view

OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view

Front view Right side view

THE GLASS BOX CONCEPT

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view
History

D
e
p
t
h

Width
Heigh
t
Orthographic Projection of Object Features
OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary between two faces.

Corners Represent the intersection of two or more edges.

Edge Edge No edge

Corner No No
corner corner
OBJECT FEATURES
Surfaces are areas that are bounded by edges or limiting elements.

Limiting is a line that represents the last visible part of the curve
element surface.
Surfac Surfac Surfac
e e e

Limi
t Limi
t
PROJECTION OF POINT(S)

B
T B
A T
T Equal
A
distance
T

A B
A B R A B A B
F F A
F F R R
R
True length
B
T
A
B
T
T Equal
length
A
B T

A B
A B R A B A B
F F A
F F R R
R

Point True length

NORMAL LINE
 True length
B
A T
T B
T
Equal
length
A
B T
A

A A B
F B R A B A B
A
F F F R R
R
Foreshortened
Foreshortened
INCLINED LINE
 Foreshortened
B
A T
T B B
T
Equal
B B length
F R A
B T
A B B
F R
A A
F
A A
A
F R
R
Foreshortened
Foreshortened
OBLIQUED LINE
 True size

C
B T
T C
A T
Equal
T
length
B A
T T
C
B

B A C
F R
AF,C B AF,C AR,B C
F AR,B
F F R R
R
Edge
Edge
NORMAL PLANE
 Foreshortene
d
C
B T
T C
A C T
Equal
T
length
C B A
C
R T T
F C
B
C C
A F R
B
F A
F AR,B
R B A AR,B
Foreshortened Edge F F R

INCLINED PLANE
 Foreshortene
d
C
B T
T C
A C T
Equal
BT
C
length
B B A
C R
F T T
F C
B
B C
B C
R B F
A R R
F
A
F A
R A A
Foreshortened Foreshortened F R

OBLIQUED PLANE
PROJECTION OF OBJECT

The views are obtained by projecting all object features to the picture
plane.

You have to project the remaining surfaces which are invisible too!
PROJECTION OF OBJECT

s
PROJECTION OF OBJECT
Line Convention
PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Visible Hidden Center
Order of importance
line line line
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space

Correct
Joi
n

No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
The hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.

Leave Leave
space space

Correct No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.

L T Correct

No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
For small hole, center line is presented as thin continuous
line.
Center line should not extend between views.

Leave space Leave space

CENTER LINE PRACTICE
Leave the gap when centerline forms a continuation with a
visible or hidden line
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
Leave Leave Leave
space space space

Leave
space