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1-4 - Geospatial Data Models

This document provides an overview of geospatial data models and concepts for a training on GIS for spatial planning held in Maputo, Mozambique. It discusses vector and raster data models, scale and resolution, spatial relationships, and spatial operations. The key points covered include how vector and raster models represent real-world features, attributes of spatial data, and common analysis tools like buffer and clip. The training aims to help the Ministry of Transport of Mozambique utilize geospatial data and analysis.

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andenet
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© © All Rights Reserved
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42 views

1-4 - Geospatial Data Models

This document provides an overview of geospatial data models and concepts for a training on GIS for spatial planning held in Maputo, Mozambique. It discusses vector and raster data models, scale and resolution, spatial relationships, and spatial operations. The key points covered include how vector and raster models represent real-world features, attributes of spatial data, and common analysis tools like buffer and clip. The training aims to help the Ministry of Transport of Mozambique utilize geospatial data and analysis.

Uploaded by

andenet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geospatial Data models

GIS for Spatial Planning


Training for Ministry of Transport
Mozambique

Maputo, Mozambique
2-13 July 2018

Geoinformation and Sectoral Statistics Section


Content
 Data Model Concepts
 Types of Data Models: Vector Vs. Raster
 Scale and resolution
 Spatial relationships and spatial operations

2
Data Model Concepts

 Data represent a simplified view of the real world


 Physical entities or phenomena are approximated by data in
GIS
 Spatial location, extent of the physical entities, non-spatial
properties
 Entity is represented by spatial feature or spatial object
 Essential characteristics are also defined for each entity
 Objects are abstractions in a spatial database
 Spatial objects are the objects in a spatial database
representing real-world entities with associated attributes
Data Model Concepts

 Spatial data model is means of representing and manipulating spatially-


referenced information
Data Model Concepts

 Data model is the objects in a spatial database plus the


relationships among them
 Coordinates are used to define the spatial location and extent of
geographic objects
 Attribute/non-spatial data are linked with coordinate data to
define each spatial object in the spatial database
 Most conceptualizations or models view the world as set of layers
 Each layer organizes the spatial and attribute data for a given set
of cartographic/spatial objects
 E.g. Lake, river, road, etc.
 Thematic layers in GIS databases

5
Data Model Concepts

6
Data Model Concepts

 Attribute data are categorized as nominal, ordinal, or


interval/ratio
 Nominal attributes: variables that provide descriptive
information about an object
 E.g. Color, vegetation type, city name, owner of parcel, soil
type etc.
 Nominal attributes can also be images, film clips, audio, or
other descriptive information
 E.g. Images of buildings or surroundings in real estate
management database

7
Data Model Concepts

 Ordinal attributes: variables that imply rank order or scale by their


values
 Ordinal attribute may be descriptive
 E.g. small, medium, large,
 Low, moderate, high,
 ranging from 1 to 5 (soil erosion level ), etc.
 Interval/ratio attributes are used for numeric items where both
order and absolute difference in magnitudes are reflected in the
number
 Real number on a linear scale
 E.g. area, length, weight, height, depth, value, etc. are represented by
interval/ration variables
8
Data Model Concepts

 Spatial objects are represented in two most


common spatial data models
 Spatial data models begin with conceptualization,
how you will represent the real world phenomena
or entities
 E.g. a road can be represented as lines; river as line
or polygon; city and towns as point or polygon, etc.
 The road to include the road type (e.g.: highway,
street, etc. or gravel, paved/ asphalted, etc.); width
of road,

9
Data Model Concepts
 There are two main data models or conceptualizations used
for spatial data: Vector data model and Raster data model
 Vector data model use discrete objects such as point, lines
and polygons to represent the geometry of the real-world
entities, discrete entities
E.g. a road, river, city and towns, lakes or wetlands, farm
land, etc.
 Raster data model represents continuous phenomena that
may change continuously across a region
E.g. Elevation, rainfall, temperature, soil moisture, etc.
 Raster model uses grid cells for representing continuous
phenomena
10
Data Model Concepts

11
Data Model Concepts

Raster vs. Vector Data Model


12
Data Model Concepts

13
Data Model Concepts

 Vector data model and Raster data model can represent


same phenomena
E.g. Elevation represented as surface (continuous field) using raster
grid or as lines representing contours of equal elevation (discrete
objects), or as points of height (Z values).
 Data can be converted from one conceptual view to another
E.g. raster data layer can be derived from contour lines, point cloud
 Selection of raster or vector model depends on the
application or type of operations to be performed
E.g. Elevation represented as surface (continuous field) in raster - to
easily determine slope, or
as discrete contours if printed maps of topography

14
Vector Data Model

 There are three basic types of vector objects: points, lines and
polygons
 Vector data model uses sets of coordinates and associated
attribute data to define discrete objects
 Point objects in spatial database represent location of entities
considered to have no dimension
 Simplest type of spatial objects
E.g. wells, sampling points, poles, telephone towers, etc.
 Line objects are used to represent linear features using ordered
set of coordinate pairs
E.g. infrastructure networks (transport networks: highways, railroads, etc.) ;
utility networks: (gas, electric, telephone, water, etc. ); airline networks: hubs
and routes, etc.); natural networks such as river channels
15
Vector Data Model

 Polygon objects in spatial database represent entities


which covers an area
E.g. lakes, Buildings, parcels, etc.
 Boundaries may be defined by natural phenomena (e.g.
lake), or by man made features (e.g census tracts,
neighborhoods)
E.g. Land cover data: forest, wetlands, urban areas, etc.
Soil data – soil types

16
Raster Data Model
 Raster Data Model defines the world as a regular set of cells in a uniform
grid pattern
 Cells are square and evenly spaced in the x and y directions
 Each cell represent attribute values and cell location of phenomena or
entities
 Cell dimension specifies the length and width of the cell in surface units
 Raster data models represent continuous phenomena or spatial features
 E.g. Elevation/DEM, bathymetry, precipitation, slope, etc.
 Raster data model may also be used to represent discrete data
 E.g. Land cover: forest, wetlands, urban areas
 Rasters are digital aerial photographs, imagery from satellites, digital
pictures, or even scanned maps

17
TIN Data Model

 Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is data model


commonly used to represent terrain heights
 x, y, and z locations, used as measured points in TIN
 Result in TIN composed of nodes, lines and
triangulated faces
 TIN used for digital elevation models (DEM) or digital
terrain models (DTM)
 Very efficient way of representing topography

18
TIN Data Model

19
Scale and Resolution

 Scale is the relationship between distance on a map and the


corresponding distance on the earth
 The ratio of distance on a map, to actual ground distance
 Expressed in a ratio: e.g. 1:100,000; 1:1,000
 1:100,000 means one unit of distance on the map represents
100,000 of the same units of distance on the earth; i.e. 1 cm on
the map equals 100,000 cm (1 km) on the ground
 Large scale maps show more detail; Small scale maps show less
detail, but cover large parts of the earth
 Smaller denominator, larger scale or small map-to-ground ratio,
small scale

20
Scale and Resolution

 GIS data is stored in a very different way than paper map


data, map scale is different
 Paper maps have fixed map scale
 GIS maps don’t have fixed map scale
 You can zoom in until the screen displays a square meter or
less, or zoom out until the screen displays the entire earth
 This means that geographic data in a GIS doesn't really have
a defined 'map scale'

21
Scale and Resolution

 Resolution is the size of the smallest feature that can be


represented in a surface
 Ground resolution, spatial resolution
 Spatial resolution of an image is an indication of the size of a
pixel in terms of ground dimensions.
 A spatial resolution of 30 meters means that one pixel
represents an area 30 meters by 30 meters on the ground
 High resolution: features more closely resemble real-world
features; small objects can be detected
 Low resolution: features simplified or not shown at all; only
large features are visible

22
Spatial relationships

 Spatial relationships between


features
 Do they overlap?
 Is one contained by the other?
 Does one cross the other?
 Geometries can be spatially
related in different ways

23
Spatial Operations

 Spatial operations use geometry functions to take spatial


data as input, analyze the data, then produce output data
that is the derivative of the analysis performed on the
input data
 E.g. Buffer, clip, intersection, union, dissolve, merge, etc.

24
Spatial Operations

Buffer (Analysis)
 Creates buffer polygons around input features to a specified distance

25
Spatial Operations

Clip (Analysis)
 Clip: Extracts input features that overlay the clip features
 Creating a new feature class: Area of Interest (AOI), or study area
 The Output Feature Class will contain all the attributes of the Input Features

26
Spatial Operations

Clip (Data Management )


 Cuts out a portion of a raster dataset, mosaic dataset, or image service layer.
 Allows you to extract a portion of a raster dataset based on a template extent
 The clipped area is specified either by a rectangular envelope using minimum
and maximum x- and y-coordinates or by using an output extent file

27
Spatial Operations

Intersect (Analysis)
 Computes a geometric intersection of the input features.
 Features or portions of features which overlap in all layers and/or feature classes will
be written to the output feature class.
 Input Features must be simple features: point, multipoint, line, or polygon

28
Spatial Operations

Dissolve (Data Management)


 Aggregates features based on specified attributes

29
Spatial Operations

Accessing the Tools (ArcToolbox)


 Open the Catalog Window > Expand Toolboxes > SystemToolboxes
>Expand Analysis Tools or Data Management Tool
 Open ArcToolbox

30
Spatial Operations

31
THANK YOU!
denekewa@Un.org

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