Cell Structure and Their Function By. Reyster Pavia 3c Week 3 Reporting
Cell Structure and Their Function By. Reyster Pavia 3c Week 3 Reporting
Cell Structure and Their Function By. Reyster Pavia 3c Week 3 Reporting
AND THEIR
FUNCTION
ORGANELLES
• Describe the structure and functions of nucleus and nucleoli
Nucleus, in biology, a specialized structure occurring in most
cells (except bacteria and blue-green algae) and separated from
the rest of the cell by a double layer, the nuclear membrane.
This membrane seems to be continuous with the
endoplasmic reticulum (a membranous network) of the cell
and has pores, which probably permit the entrance of large
molecules. The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of
the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes,
structures that contain the hereditary information. Nucleoli are
small bodies often seen within the nucleus. The gel-like matrix
in which the nuclear components are suspended is the
nucleoplasm.
Because the nucleus houses an organism’s genetic code, which
determines the amino acid sequence of proteins critical for
day-to-day function, it primarily serves as the information
centre of the cell. Information in DNA is transcribed, or
copied, into a range of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
molecules, each of which encodes the information for one
protein (in some instances more than one protein, such as in
bacteria). The mRNA molecules are then transported through
the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm, where they are
translated, serving as templates for the synthesis of specific
proteins. For more information on these processes, see
transcription; translation.
A cell normally contains only one nucleus. Under some
conditions, however, the nucleus divides but the cytoplasm
does not. This produces a multinucleate cell (syncytium) such
as occurs in skeletal muscle fibres.
The nucleolus is the distinct structure present in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells. Primarily, it participates in assembling the
ribosomes, alteration of transfer RNA and sensing cellular stress. The
nucleolus is composed of RNA and proteins which form around
specific chromosomal regions.
Nucleolus
It is one of the main components of the nucleus. The chain of RNA
and DNA along with other components form the structural
components. The main components of the nucleolus are ribonucleic
acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and proteins.
Structure of the Nucleolus
In eukaryotic cells, nucleolus has a well-ordered structure with four
main ultrastructural components. The components can be further
identified as:
Fibrillar Centers: It is the place where the ribosomal proteins are
formed.
Granular Components: Before ribosomes are formed, these
components have rRNA that binds to ribosomal proteins.
Dense Fibrillar Components: It has new transcribed RNA, which
connects to the ribosomal proteins.
Nucleolar vacuoles: It is present only in plant cells.
The ultrastructure of the nucleolus can be easily visualized through an
electron microscope. The arrangement of the nucleolus within the cell
can be clearly studied by the techniques – fluorescent recovery after
photobleaching and fluorescent protein tagging.
The nucleolus of several plant species has very high concentrations of
iron in contrast to the human and animal cell nucleolus.
Nucleolus Function
The nucleolus is considered as the brain of the nucleus, covering
nearly 25% volume of the nucleus. Primarily, it takes part in the
production of subunits that unites to form ribosomes.
Hence, nucleolus plays an important role in the synthesis of proteins
and in the production of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleus Nucleolus
REFERENCES:
https://byjus.com/biology/nucleolus/
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_er.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus
https://www.britannica.com/science/mitochondrion
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-college-human
-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/5.6/primary/lesson/prote
in-synthesis-chumbio
THANK YOU!