CPE 121L

Object oriented
Programming
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INTRODUCTION OF OBJECT
ORIENTED Programming
 Object-Oriented Programming or OOPs refers to languages
that use objects in programming. Object-oriented programming aims
to implement real-world entities like inheritance, hiding,
polymorphism, etc. in programming. The main aim of OOP is to bind
together the data and the functions that operate on them so that no
other part of the code can access this data except that function.
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OOPs Concepts:
 Class
 Objects
 Data Abstraction 
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
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1. Class:
 A class is a user-defined data type. It consists of data members and
member functions, which can be accessed and used by creating an
instance of that class. It represents the set of properties or methods
that are common to all objects of one type. A class is like a blueprint
for an object.  
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 For Example: Consider the Class of Cars. There may be many cars

with different names and brands but all of them will share some
common properties like all of them will have 4 wheels, Speed Limit,
Mileage range, etc. So here, Car is the class, and wheels, speed
limits, mileage are their properties.
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2. Object: 
 It is a basic unit of Object-Oriented Programming and represents
the real-life entities. An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class
is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an
object is created) memory is allocated. 
 An object has an identity, state, and behavior. Each object contains
data and code to manipulate the data. Objects can interact without
having to know details of each other’s data or code, it is sufficient to
know the type of message accepted and type of response returned by
the objects.
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 For example “Dog” is a real-life Object, which has some

characteristics like color, Breed, Bark, Sleep, and Eats.
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3. Data Abstraction: 
 Data abstraction is one of the most essential and important features
of object-oriented programming. Data abstraction refers to providing
only essential information about the data to the outside world, hiding
the background details or implementation.
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 Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car. The man only

knows that pressing the accelerators will increase the speed of the
car or applying brakes will stop the car, but he does not know about
how on pressing the accelerator the speed is increasing, he does not
know about the inner mechanism of the car or the implementation of
the accelerator, brakes, etc. in the car. This is what abstraction is.
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4. Encapsulation: 
 Encapsulation is defined as the wrapping up of data under a single
unit. It is the mechanism that binds together code and the data it
manipulates. In Encapsulation, the variables or data of a class are
hidden from any other class and can be accessed only through any
member function of their class in which they are declared. As in
encapsulation, the data in a class is hidden from other classes, so it is
also known as data-hiding.
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 Consider a real-life example of encapsulation, in a company, there

are different sections like the accounts section, finance section, sales
section, etc. The finance section handles all the financial transactions
and keeps records of all the data related to finance. Similarly, the
sales section handles all the sales-related activities and keeps records
of all the sales.
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 Now there may arise a situation when for some reason an official
from the finance section needs all the data about sales in a particular
month. In this case, he is not allowed to directly access the data of
the sales section. He will first have to contact some other officer in
the sales section and then request him to give the particular data.
This is what encapsulation is. Here the data of the sales section and
the employees that can manipulate them are wrapped under a single
name “sales section”.
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5. Inheritance: 
 Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object-Oriented
Programming). The capability of a class to derive properties and
characteristics from another class is called Inheritance. When we
write a class, we inherit properties from other classes.
 So when we create a class, we do not need to write all the properties
and functions again and again, as these can be inherited from another
class that possesses it. Inheritance allows the user to reuse the code
whenever possible and reduce its redundancy.
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6. Polymorphism: 
 The word polymorphism means having many forms. In simple
words, we can define polymorphism as the ability of a message to be
displayed in more than one form. For example, A person at the same
time can have different characteristics. Like a man at the same time
is a father, a husband, an employee.
 So the same person posses different behavior in different situations.
This is called polymorphism.
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Self Help: You can also refer to the

sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
✖ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-object-oriented-programming/
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Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
juvywen.pollentes@umindanao.edu.ph