YESHWANTRAO CHAVAN COLLEge OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROJECT SEMINAR
Strength Enhancement Of Concrete Using Metakaolin

PRESENTATION BY :
(1) PALASH KUKWAS ( A-54) (2) MANISH WAGHAVE (B-148)
(3) PAYAL KUMBHALWAR ( A-09) (4) KAPIL GONDOLE (B-144)
(5) RITVIK NAGARKAR (A-61) (6) SIDDHI BHUTE (B-122)
(7) SHUBHAM RATHOD (A-77)

VIII SEM B.E. CIVIL ENGINEERING

2020-2021

Under the guidance of : Prof. Sangita Meshram

Name Email Id Registration no

Palash Kukwas palashk1009@gmail.com 16010027

Shubham Rathod rathodshubham3898@gmail. 16010657

com
Payal Kumbhalwar kumbhalwarpayal@gmail.co 15010740
m
Ritvik Nagarkar ritvik56@yahoo.com 16010931

Manish Waghave waghave75@gmail.com 18030205

Kapil Gondole kapil.gon5394@gmail.com 16010112

Siddhi Bhute siddhibhute1999@gmail.com 17010837

AIM :
To study the effects of addition of metakaolin in strength development
of Concrete.

Objectives :

• To investigate the effect of using Metakaolin on strength parameters

of concrete.

• To find out optimum amount of Metakaolin that should be used to

replace cement In concrete mixtures.
Introduction :
1. Cement is an extremely important construction material. It is used in the production of the
many structures that make up the modern world including buildings, bridges, harbours,
runways and roads

2. It is also used for facades and other decorative features on buildings.

3.  The constant demand for all of these structures, increasingly from the developing world, means
that cement is the second most consumed commodity in the world after water.

4. Global cement production was 1.53Bnt in 2010, excluding Chinese statistics that claim
production of 1.8Bnt/yr in 2010.

5. After China, which is undoubtedly the world's largest cement producer, the most significant
producers of cements in 2010 were India (~21% of global production excluding China), the USA
(~6%), Turkey (~6%) and Brazil (~6%).
6. But production and use of cement on a large scale has many detrimental effects on the
environment.

7. Cement industry is one of the biggest polluters of environment. Manufacturing the stone-like
building material is responsible for 7% of global carbon dioxide emissions.

8. As the construction industry and cement industry continues to grow rapidly, we need an
alternative material to partially replace cement, which enhances the quality of concrete and is
environmentally sustainable.

9. Metakaolin is one such material which is environmentally sustainable and can partially
replace cement in concrete mixtures and enhance the properties of concrete.
 SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTIOUS MATERIALS

1. Materials which can partially replace ordinary cement in concrete mixture to enhance the
properties of mixture .

2. Supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) contribute to the properties of hardened concrete

through hydraulic or pozzolanic activity.

3. Can be used individually with portland or blended cement or in different combinations.

4. Often added to concrete to make concrete mixtures more economical, reduce permeability,
increase strength, or influence other concrete properties.

5. Examples Of SCM’s are

• Fly ash
• Slag Cement
• Silica Fume
• Metakaolin(MK)
 METAKAOLIN

1. Metakaolin is a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) which can be used to replace

cement to a certain extent.

2. MK is a Pozzolan derived from heat treatment of natural deposits of kaolin.

MK shows high pozzolana reactivity due to their amorphous structure and high surface area

3. It is a product that is manufactured for use rather than a by-product and is formed when
china clay, the mineral kaolin, is heated to a temperature between 600 and 800ºC.

4. First used in the 1960s for the construction of a number of large dams in Brazil,
metakaolin was successfully incorporated into the concrete with the original intention of
suppressing any damage due to alkali-silica reaction.
 PROPERTIES OF METAKAOLIN (MK)

Physical Properties : Chemical Properties :

•Physical Form: Powder •Silica (SiO2): 51-53%

•Colour: Off white, Gray •Al2O3: 42-44%

•Specific Gravity: 2.40 to 2.60 •CaO: <20%

•Fineness: 8000-15000m2/kg •Fe2O3: <2.20%

•SO4: <0.5%

•K2O: <40%

•Loss of Ignition: <0.50 %
 FUTURE WORK

STRENGTH TEST :
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT TEST

• SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

• FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

MOULD SIZE :

CUBE MOULD :
150 X 150 X 150 mm

CYLINDRICAL MOULD
Diameter : 150mm
Height : 300mm
 TESTS TO BE PERFORMED ON MATERIALS
CEMENT :
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR CEMENT
• NORMAL CONSISTENCY TEST
• SETTING TIME TEST
• INITIAL SETTING TME AND FINAL SETTING TIME
• FINENESS TEST

PAPER MILL SLUDGE (PMS):

• SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST ON HYPOSLUDGE

FINE AGGREGATE
• SIEVE ANALYSIS
• WATER ABSORPTION TEST
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST

• COARSE AGGREGATE:
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE
• SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST OF COARSE AGGREGATE
• WATER ABSORPTION TEST
 Production of Metakaolin (MK)

1. Unlike others, MK is neither the by-product of an industrial process (like GGBS) nor
entirely  a natural product. It is specially produced from high quality Kaolin. 

2. Metakaolin is produced by the calcinations of pure or refined kaolinite clay at a temperature

between 650℃ to 850℃.

3. Chemical formula of Metakaolin is Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O.

4. It reacts with Ca(OH)2 one of the by-products ofhydration reaction of cement and
results in additional C-S-H gel which results in increased strength.

5. Breaks down the crystal structure producing a transition phase (silica and amorphous
alumina in reactive form) of high surface area.

6. Once the burning process gets completed it is properly grinded to achieve desired fineness to
improve various strengths and property parameters of cement mortar and concrete.
Kaolinite clay is a mineral which is fine and white in colour and it is used in the
manufacturing of porcelain. Kaolinite clay is also known as china clay or
kaolinclay.
 USES OF METAKAOLIN (MK)

01. Metakaolin is used while constructing dams, bridges and water retaining structures,
off-shore structure etc.

02. It is also used in high rise buildings to achieve high strength concrete.

03. It is used in the manufacturing of high strength, high performance and lightweight concrete.

04. It is used in mass concreting,

05. It is also used in the construction of:

•Industrial flooring
•Warehouses
•Container Depots
•Roads
•Nuclear power stations etc.
 Advantages Of Metakaolin (MK)
1. Use of Metakaolin in concrete accelerates the initial setting time of concrete.

2. When cement is partially replaced with Metakaolin,it reacts with calcium hydroxide and
results in extra C-S-H gel. C-S-H gel is the sole cause for strength development in cement and
cement based concrete.

Cement + Water = C-S-H gel + Ca (OH)2 Ca (OH)2

+ Metakaolin = C-S-H gel

3.  Metakaolin consumes calcium hydroxide thereby preventing the reaction of alkali-silica.

Use of Metakaolin increases the resistance to sulphate attack, chemical attack and freeze and
thaw action.

4. It increases the strength and durability of concrete. It can increase the residual strength of
refractory concrete after firing.

5. It is a green option, an ecofriendly building material.

 Advantages Of Metakaolin (MK)

6. Compared to other mineral admixtures, it is easily and abundantly available in the

market.

7.   It is cost effective as compared to its contemporaries.

8. It helps in development of the early age strength of concrete which allows the early
removal of formwork and thus enhances the production rate.

9. It improves water-tightness and impermeability of concrete hence is safe for using in

water retaining structure, off-shore structure etc.

10. It reduces drying shrinkage and efflorescence.

Thus, if you take into consideration the above-mentioned advantages, you will find that it
almost overcomes all the limitations of ordinary concrete and emerges as a better
substitute.
 Why is Metakaolin Better Than Silica Fume ?

1. Silica fume can increase the early strength, cannot affect the long-time
strength.

2. Metakaolin increases the compressive strength of concrete by 40% after 28 days

3. Silica fume and metakaolin can improve the chloride penetration resistance of
fly ash concrete after standard curing 28 days, especially for metakaolin.

4. Cost of silica fume is approximately 3 times of metakaolin. This shows that we

can produce world class concrete by using locally available material at
affordable price (metakaolin).

In sum, as a new mineral admixture, metakaolin not only can increase slump
extension,
but also can increase early and long-time strength; it is beneficial for chloride
penetration Resistance and is cheaper than Silica fume too.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

NECCESSITY

• The review of literature is a summary of all the reviews from various research literatures related to

the current study carried out by a researcher.

• It helps to discover what is already known about the research problem and what more has
to be done.

• It helps to identify previous approaches to the topic.

• It refines your project idea.

• It identifies research method and strategies which you could use.

SR.No Title Author Conclusion

Effect of Sunny A. Jagtap, Mohan N. Based on experimental observations, following conclusions can be
drawn:
1 Metakaolin on the Shirsath, Sambhaji L. Karpe . 1) Metakaolin concrete increases the compressive and flexural
Properties of strength effectively as compared with conventional concrete.
2) Workability decreases as percentage of metakaolin in concrete
Concrete increases.
3) The strength of concrete increases with increase in metakaolin
content upto 15% replacement of cement.
4) As the Percentage of metakaolin powder in concrete increases,
workability of concrete decreases.

2 Meta kaolin –The M.Narmatha, Dr.T.Felixkala From the present investigation on the effect of partial
replacement of cement with Metakaolin in concrete, the
Best Material for following conclusions were drawn;
Replacement of  The strength of all Metakaolin concrete mixes over shoot the
Cement in Concrete strength of OPC.
 15% cement replacement by Metakaolin is superior to all other
mixes.
 The increase in Metakaolin content improves the compressive
strength and split tensile strength up to 15% cement replacement.
 The results encourage the use of Metakaolin, as a pozzolanic
material for partial replacement in producing high performance
concrete.
Sr No. Title Author Conclusion

3. PARTIAL REPLACEMENT CH Jyothi Nikhila and J D Based on the experimental investigation carried
out, the following conclusions are made.
OF CEMENT WITH Chaitanya Kumar · Workability of concrete decreases with the increase in Metakaolin
METAKAOLIN IN HIGH replacement level.
STRENGTH CONCRETE · The compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile
strength of conventional concrete and concrete with MK as partial
replacements are compared and observed and concluded that the
strength of the conventional concrete is slightly lower than the
MKC.
· The compressive strength of concrete is increased when cement is
replaced with Metakaolin. The compressive strength is maximum
at 15% of replacement.

4. Effect of Metakaolin on Satyendra Dubey , Rajiv The Admixture metakaolin when used at optimum quantity tend to
increase the strength of the concrete mix when compared with
Compressive Strength of Chandak R.K. Yadav conventional concrete.
Concrete  The 28 days compressive strength of concrete generally increase
with the metakaolin content upto its optimum content.
 5% of metakaolin increased the compressive strength of concrete
by 14%.
 10% of metakaolin increased the compressive strength of
concrete by 21.3%.
 15% of metakaolin increased the compressive strength of
concrete by 5.5%.
Sr No. Title Author Conclusion

5. Impact of Metakaolin on R. Kalaignan and S. Siva Murthy Not much literature is available on durability properties of
Metakaolin concrete. Also, no comprehensive study was
the Properties of Concrete: Reddy done on strength and durability properties of Metakaolin
A Literature Review concrete. Hence, considering the gap in the existing
literature, an attempt has been made to study the strength,
durability properties of Metakaolin concrete.

6. THE EFFECT OF E. Badogiannis , S. Tsivilis , V. The following conclusions can be drawn from the present
study:
METAKAOLIN ON Papadakis , E. Chaniotakis The produced metakaolin as well as the commercial one
CONCRETE PROPERTIES indicate a similar behavior concerning the strength
development and the durability of concrete and lead to
concrete production with an excellent performance.
Metakaolin has a very positive effect on the concrete
strength after 2 days and specifically at 28 days and 90
days.
Metakaolin concrete exhibits significantly lower chloride
permeability, gas permeability, sorptivity and pore size
compared with OPC concrete.
Sr No. Title Author Conclusion

7 Effect of Metakaolin Content P. Dinakar, Pradosh K. Sahoo, and The following conclusion can be drawn from the current
on the Properties of High G. Sriram study.
(a) Using MK as a partial replacement for cement
Strength decreased the plastic density of the mixtures.
Concrete (b) The results shows that by utilizing local MK and
cement designed for a low water/binder ratio of 0.3,
high strength and high performance concretes can be
developed and compressive strengths of more than
100 MPa can be realized.
(c) The optimum replacement level of OPC by MK was
10 %, which gave the highest compressive strength in
comparison to that of other replacement levels; this was
due to the dilution effect of partial cement replacement.
These concretes also exhibited a 28-day splitting tensile
strength of the order of 5.15 % of their compressive
strength and showed relatively high values of modulus
of elasticity. Splitting tensile strengths and elastic
modulus results have also followed the same trend to
that of compressive strength results showing the
highest values at 10 % replacement.
Sr No Title Author Conclusion

8 Effect of Metakaolin on Tsai-Lung Weng, Wei-Ting Lin, Our results demonstrate that the replacement of cement using
metakaolin at percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% increases
Strength and and An Cheng compressive strength with a peak increase in samples produced using
Efflorescence Quantity 15% metakaolin. However, a distinct drop in compressive strength was
of Cement-Based observed in samples produced using 25% metakaolin. MATLAB image
Composites analysis and the curettage method both indicate that efflorescence is
most pronounced when samples were cured in a low temperature
environment, exceeding that produced under a normal environment
or carbon dioxide environment. In the M5, M10, M15, and M20
samples, the area affected by efflorescence was lower than that of the
control specimens; the M15 specimens were the least affected by
efflorescence. In SEM micrographs, materials produced with
metakaolin developed denser, smoother structures. XRD results
indicate that the amount of main hydration products in cementbased
materials with replacement metakaolin performed a significant form.
Our results conclusively demonstrate that cement-based materials
with 15% replacement metakaolin have superior performance with
considerable potential for application in engineering.
Sr No Title Author Conclusion

9 Durability properties of Memduh Nas and Şirin The main conclusions obtainedinthis studyare as follows:
•The compressive strengths of concretesincreasedas the
concrete containing Kurbetcia replacement ratio of MK were increasedregardless of total
metakaolin binder content.The increment was more than50% at %20 MK
replacement.
•A slight increase in flexural strength was observed byMK
replacement. 20% MK replacement provided 10 and 22%
increase for 300 and 400 kg/m3dosage mixtures respectively.

10 Slump flow time increase with increase in the percentage of

metakaolin. Compressive strength of SCC decreases with
Effects of Metakaolin Sanjeev Kumar, Rinku Saini increases in percentage of Metakaolin at the age of 7 days
Content on Fresh and and 28 days but compressive strength increases with
Hardened Properties of increases in percentage of metakaolin at the age of 90 days.
Self Compacted Tensile strength decreases with increases in the percentage
of metakaolin at 7 days and 28 days but it observed nearby
Concrete equal with increases in the percentage of metakaolin at the
age of 90 days. The ultrasonic pulse velocity it indicates that
quality of concrete is excellent. Elastic modulus of SCC
decreases with increases in percentage of Metakaolin at the
age of 7 days and 28 days but nearly equal with percentage
of metakaolin at the age of 90 days.
 Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
11 Influence of M. Si-Ahmed, A. Belakrouf, The importance of incorporating metakaolin in concrete and
mortar was demonstrated. Concrete and mortar suffer a loss of
Metakaolin on and S. Kenai workability due to the incorporation of metakaolin hence the
the Performance need to add a superlasticizer. Compressive and flexural
of strengths were improved both at 7 days of age and at long
Mortars and term. All durability parameters were improved after the
incorporation of 10 and 15% metakaolin except gas
Concretes permeability.

12 Metakaolin Vikas Srivastava1, Rakesh 1. Metakaolin reduces workability. However, in certain

cases with appropriate doses of plasticizers the effect
inclusion: Effect Kumar2 and V.C. Agarwal1 is not much.
on mechanical 2. The gain in compressive strength is improved
properties of depending upon the replacement level of OPC by
concrete metakaolin.
3. The metakaolin inclusion generally improves tensile
strength, flexural strength, bond strength and
modulus of elasticity. The quantum of increase in the
individual properties depends upon replacement level.
 Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
13 Strength and Mohd Hanif Ismail, Noor Presence of MK and nylon fiber in concrete had an
Water Syuhaili Mohd Rusly, effect on the mechanical properties of concrete,
Absorption of Rafikullah Deraman however, it can withstand higher load and higher
Concrete length of deflection act on the concrete. Based on all
Containing of the tests conducted and the results that had been
Metakaolin and analyzed, the changes of pattern and the physical
Nylon Fiber behavior that can be seen, the optimum use of
metakaolin and nylon fibers in concrete is MK 5% and
N 0.5% with the high compressive strength, lower
water absorption and higher splitting tensile strength
compared to concrete containing nylon fiber.
14 PRETREATMENT REZKY I. ANUGRAH and SYAFEI Coming out from the trommol screen, both
OF KAOLIN INTO S. RASJAD Cicalengka and Bangka kaolin were raw materials
METAKAOLIN for settling/decantation test. The decanted
Cicalengka and Bangka kaolin’s weight
were 1190 g and 500 g respectively
Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
15 Metakaolin as an Prof. Dr. -Ing. Horst-Michael Pozzolanic testing method
Additive in Ludwig (1) The lime consumption tested by the saturated lime
Composite Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Jochen Stark method, TGA-CaO method, and mCh
Cement Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Breit does not agree with the reference test CSI, although TGA-
CaO method can be seen to be the
most suitable method to characterise the pozzolanic
activity of metakaolin and to provide the
best agreement between metakaolin and the
performance of cement and concrete products.

16 Physical and Shahiron Shahidan1, Bassam A In conclusion, the addition of metakaolin in concrete
mechanical Tayeh, A A Jamaludin3, N A A S helps increase its strength. In terms of
properties of self- Bahari, S S compressive strength, the higher inclusion of metakaolin
compacting Mohd Zuki1, N Ali and F S increases the strength linearly. However, the
concrete Khalid inclusion of metakaolin in concrete reduces the
containing workability of concrete. In order to counter the
superplasticizer problem, superplasticizer is used in concrete to produce
and metakaolin self-compacting concrete. The usage of
superplasticizer in concrete doesn’t have any effect on
compressive strength. It does, however, help to
increase the tensile strength of concrete
 Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
17 Microstructural Katarina Trivunac, Ljiljana The structure of metakaolin obtained using
Characterization M. Kljajević, Snežana natural domestic clay raw appears
and Adsorption Nenadović, Jelena disordered accordance to X-ray analysis. Similar
Properties of Gulicovski, Miljana behavior was commonly noted for
Alkali-Activated Mirković, Biljana Babić, geopolymers, with the proportion of the
Materials Based Slavica Stevanović amorphous phase slightly higher compared to
on Metakaolin metakaolin. Phase evolution for metakaolin and
geopolymer monitored by FTIR and, there
are substantial changes in intensity, width and
position of bands in the spectra of metakaolin
and geopolymer. After activation with alkaline
activating solution, the geopolymeric gel
(spherical aggregates) formed, suggesting that the
structure experiences growth.

18 Hydration and Hamdy El-Diadamony a, (1) Metakaolin fired at 850 C for two hours is
characteristics Ahmed A. Amer a, Tarek M. mainly composed
of metakaolin Sokkary b, of quartz as a crystalline mineral in addition to
pozzolanic Samir El-Hoseny the amorphous aluminosilicate glassy phase.
cement pastes
 Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
19 Properties of Rakhimov R., Rakhimova N., The Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources
Portland cement Gaifullin A., Morozov V. Engineers (KSMER)Metakaolin
paste which is calcined kaolin clay is being widely applied as
incorporated supplementary cementitious materials
with for Portland cement. Due to their scarcity and high
loamy clay cost, calcined ubiquitous polymineral clays
are actively studied as alternative to metakaolin.

20 The Influence of Fabrice Ntimugura, Seick It has been shown through this study that the kaolin
Metakaolin from Omar Sore, Latifou Bello, clay heat-treated at 700˚C
Saaba Adamah Messan for 3 hours presented a chemical composition
(Burkina Faso) principally made of silica and
over Physico- alumina. The X-ray results have confirmed the
Mechanical amorphous state of the dehydrated
and Durability material.
Properties of
Mortars
Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
21 Mechanical Ayobami Busari· Joseph The high increase in the cost of cement has led
Properties of Akinmusuru · Bamidele Dahunsi to a reduction in concrete production in most developing
Dehydroxylated and under-developed countries. Therefore, the need for
Kaolinitic Clay a
in Self- sustainable and cost-effective substitute for cement is
Compacting necessary.
Concrete for This research focused on the application of
Pavement dehydroxylated
Construction kaolinitic clay in the production of self-compacting
concrete for pavement construction.

22 Hydration Dvorkin, L., Lushnikova, N., The following conclusions are based on the results of
characteristics and Bezusyak, O., Sonebi, M., & this investigation. The normal consistency depends on
structure Khatib, J. the content SP and MK, which indicates a positive
formation of linear relationship between the water demand increase
cement pastes and MK content growth. The influence of SP content
containing is described by polynomial of the second degree that
metakaolin confirms reduction of SP efficiency superplasticizer
when the content in the paste over 1 ... 1.5%.
 Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
23 Behaviour of M. N. Muhd Sidek , M. A. permeability than Portland cement concrete due to
Metakaolin Megat Johari , M. F. Arshad , M. delayed pozzolanic reactivity. Silica fume and metakaolin
Concrete in F. Md Jaafar binary cement concretes have coefficients comparable
Different Curing with that of Portland cement at 28 days and lower
Condition coefficients at later ages due to their higher fineness
resulting in better particle packing and improved
pozzolanic reactivity. Consequently, the ternary cement
concretes have lower coefficients of air permeability
than fly ash binary cement. Also, the ternary cement
concretes which have higher coefficients than Portland
cement at 28 days improved with age such that the
coefficients became comparable with that of Portland
cement concrete at 180 days.

24 Effect of Samuel Olufemi FOLAGBADE Coefficients of air permeability increased with increasing
supplementary water/cement ratio and reduced with increasing curing
cementitious age and compressive strength.
materials on the
air permeability of
concrete
 Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
25 Effect of P. Dinakar, Pradosh K. Sahoo, The results shows that by utilizing local MK and
Metakaolin and G. Sriram cement designed for a low water/binder ratio of 0.3,
Content on the high strength and high performance concretes can be
Properties of developed and compressive strengths of more than
High Strength 100 MPa can be realized.
Concrete

26 Influence of Humid curing seems fundamental both for the

Curing Conditions Paulina Faria continuity over time of the hydration - the pozzolanic
on Lime and Ana Martins reaction - and the CO2 transport - for the carbonation
Lime-Metakaolin process. In most Portuguese exterior environmental
Mortars conditions cycles occur, between night and day,
ranging from very humid to dryer conditions.
Nevertheless a geotextile covering frequently wetted
could be recommended to be applied in situ over lime-
metakaolin renders during the first ages. For interior
plastering of old walls in very humid environments, the
application of lime-metakaolin mortars should be
advantageous.
 Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
27 The Mechanical Adel Al Menhosh, YanWang (i) Metakaolin will accelerate the setting time of
Properties of the cement
Concrete Using pastes but reduce the workability of concrete.
Metakaolin However,
Additive and polymer has an inverse influence on the two
Polymer properties.
Admixture

28 Arena I. Janotka, F. Puertas, M. a) Metakaolin sand (MK-1) was shown to be a

metacaolinica. Palacios, C. Varga, L. Krajcˇi pozzolanic material with pozzolanicity comparable to
Material pure metakaolin. The pozzolanic reaction was
prometedor monitored by determining the uptake of Ca(OH)2 by
como adicion the sand in lime-saturated solutions. Ca(OH)2 uptake
al cemento by the blends was also confirmed by XRD and
Portland DTA-TG.
Sr Title Author Conclusion
No
29 PROPERTIES OF
COMPOSITE Aleksandra Mitrović, Dragan Metakaolin composite cement requires a larger
CEMENT WITH Nikolić, Ljiljana Miličić, amount of water to achieve a standard consistency of
COMMERCIAL Dragan Bojović the control Portland cement
AND
MANUFACTURED
METAKAOLIN
 Effects of Addition of metakaolin
in Concrete

Improvement in Increase in strength

ductility Reduction in Cost
parameters

Resistance to
Increased Durability Addition of permeability
Metakaolin

Increase In Reduction in
Electrical resistivity workabilty
Resistance to acid
attacks
Increase in strength

Replacing cement with 10% Metakaolin and 1.5% fibres increases

compressive and flexural strength by 63 and 96 % respectively

Portland cement when partially replaced with 20% metakaolin increased

compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete

An optimum percentage of 10% replacement of Nano metakaolin was found

and increase of compressive strength

Replacement of OPC for 42% with fly ash (30%) and metakaolin (10%) and
iron oxide (2%) cost of concrete is reduced and strength was improved at 56
days
 Graph between Compressive Strength of
concrete for M40 vs % of metakaolin

Graph between Compressive Strength of

concrete for M20 vs % of metakaolin
EFFECT OF VARIATION OF METAKAOLIN ON SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH ON M20 AND
M40 GRADE OF CONCRETE

M20 M40
EFFECT OF VARIATION OF METAKAOLIN ON FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH ON M20 AND
M40 GRADE OF CONCRETE

M20 M40
COMPARISION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AFTER ADDITION OF DIFFERENT
SCMs
COMPARIISON OF STRENGTH WITH DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS OF METAKOLIN
AND SILICA FUME
 Workability

MK may cause decrease in workability and dosage of super

plasticizer is required

Replacement of OPC for 42% with fly ash (30%) and metakaolin (10%)
and iron oxide (2%) improved workability with lower W/C ratio.

Resistance to permeability

Addition of metakaolin content of 4%, 6% and 8%respectively and found

that rapid chloride permeability decreases with increase in metakaolin
content

Replacement of OPC with 5%, 10% and 20% of MK content showed

lower chloride permeabilty in comparision to OPC
FLOW COMPARISION OF CONCRETE MIXTURES WITH VARIOUS
COMPOSITION OF METAKAOLIN
 WATER ABSORPTION BY CONCRETE MIXTURE

MK % Wet Weight W1 in Kgs Dry Weight W2 in Kgs % of Absorption % of Average

0% 8.50 8.45 0.59 0.47
8.45 8.41 0.47
8.55 8.52 0.35

5% 8.45 8.40 0.47 0.49

8.15 8.10 0.49
8.25 8.20 0.48

10% 7.80 7.75 0.50 0.51

8.65 8.60 0.51
8.50 8.44 0.49

15% 8.75 8.70 0.53 0.54

8.35 8.30 0.54
8.45 8.38 0.55

20% 7.80 7.75 0.56 0.56

8.65 8.50 0.55
8.50 8.43 0.57
Resistance to acid attacks

Least acid attack at 10% replacement of cement by metakaolin was observed and
loss of compressive strength was reduced by 10% replacement of metakaolin

Maximum loss was occurred in case of H2So4 acid immersion and least was
observed for HCL acid immersion in comparison out of three acids (H2SO4, HCl,
MgSO4)

Improvement in ductility
parameters

Ductility parameters such as displacement ductility, curvature ductility properties

improved in comparison to normal concrete
COMPARISION OF ACID RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE MIXTURES USING
VARIOUS SCMs
 Major Findings of Literature Review

Metakaolin is a Pozzolonic material which can be used as a partial replacement of cement in

concrete mixtures. It also enhances the strength and other properties of concrete to a certain
extent. Different studies have been conducted by various researchers around the world to find the
various effects of metakaolin on concrete mixtures. Some of the parameters on which various
mixtures of cement and metakaolin is tested are as follows

• Properties of metakaolin
• Compressive, flexural and tensile strength of metakaolin based concrete mixture
• Workability

Some of the finding of these tests are as follows

Properties Of concrete

Metakaolin is a type of mineral admixture and is generally known as calcined clay. It is an ultrafine material
produced by the dehydroxylation of a kaolin precursor upon heating in the temperature range of 700ᵒ - 800ᵒC .
Using MK as a partial replacement for cement decreased the plastic density of the mixtures. The results shows that
by utilizing local MK and cement designed for a low water/binder ratio of 0.3, high strength and high performance
concretes can be developed and compressive strengths of more than100 MPa can be realized.(P. Dinakar, Pradosh
K. Sahoo, and G. Sriram September 2013). Metakaolin concrete exhibits significantly lower chloride permeability,
gas permeability, sorptivity and pore size compared with OPC concrete. [6]. All durability parameters were
improved after the incorporation of 10 and 15% metakaolin except gas permeability.[11] Slump flow time increase
with increase in the percentage of metakaolin. [10]

Strength of concrete

Metakaolin concrete increases the compressive and flexural strength effectively as compared with conventional
concrete. The strength of concrete increases with increase in metakaolin content upto 15% replacement of
cement. 15% cement replacement by Metakaolin is superior to all other mixes. [1][3]
 Strenght Of Concrete

5% of metakaolin increased the compressive strength of concrete by 14%. [4]

10% of metakaolin increased the compressive strength of concrete by 21.3%.[4]
15% of metakaolin increased the compressive strength of concrete by 5.5%.[4]
Compressive and flexural strengths were improved both at 7 days of age and at long term. [4]

A slight increase in flexural strength was observed by MK replacement. 20% MK replacement provided 10
and 22% increase for 300 and 400 kg/m3dosage mixtures respectively[9]

Workability and other properties

Workability decreases as percentage of metakaolin in concrete increases.Workability decreases as percentage of

metakaolin in concrete increases.[11] The usage of superplasticizer in concrete doesn’t have any effect on
compressive strength. It does, however, help to increase the tensile strength of concrete.[16] ) Metakaolin will
accelerate the setting time of cement pastes but reduce the workability of concrete. However, polymer has an
inverse influence on the two properties.[27] Metakaolin composite cement requires a larger amount of water to
achieve a standard consistency of the control Portland cement [29]
 DISADVANTAGES OF METAKAOLIN (MK)

01. Use of Metakaolin reduces the workability of concrete due to its fineness; hence it becomes
necessary to use water reducers or air entraining admixtures to achieve the desired workability.

02. However, the performance can be enhanced by taking into consideration the following:

•Increased quality control is essential in order to maintain the desired properties. High quality control
must be consistent for it to be effective.

•Selection of material is equally important. Better quality may cost more than the lower ones.
 SUMMARY

 Metakaolin is utilized as pozzolanic material for partial cement replacement producing high

strength concrete. High strength concrete withstands loads that a normal strength concrete
can’t. Metakaolin increases the early age strength development of concrete. It provides long-term
durability and increases the serviceability of the concrete. The use of this supplementary
cementitious material in concrete can compensate indirect costs arising due to environmental,
technical and economic issues caused by cement production.
OUTCOMES
 REFERENCES
Effect of Metakaolin on the Properties of Concrete : Sunny A. Jagtap, Mohan N. Shirsath, Sambhaji L. Karpe .
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 |
July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Meta kaolin –The Best Material for Replacement of Cement in Concrete : M.Narmatha1,
Dr.T.Felixkala2 : IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 4 Ver. I (Jul. - Aug. 2016),
PP 66-71 www.iosrjournals.org DOI:

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH METAKAOLIN IN HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE : CH Jyothi Nikhila and
J D Chaitanya KumarInt. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2015 ISSN 2319-5991 www.ijerst.com
Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2015 © 2015 IJERST. All Rights Reserved

Effect of Metakaolin on Compressive Strength of Concrete : Satyendra Dubey , Rajiv Chandak R.K. Yadav
Satyendra Dubey et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622,
Vol. 5, Issue 6, ( Part -4) June 2015, pp.80-82
 REFERENCES
Impact of Metakaolin on the Properties of Concrete: A Literature Review :R. 1 Kalaignan and 2S. Siva Murthy
ReddyMiddle-East Journal of Scientific Research 24 (10): 3179-3189, 2016 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2016
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2016.3179.3189

THE EFFECT OF METAKAOLIN ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES : E. Badogiannis1 , S. Tsivilis1 , V. Papadakis2 , E. Chaniotakis3

National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering Department, 9 Heroon Polytechniou St., 15773
Athens, Greece. 2 3 Titan Cement Company S.A., Department of Research & Quality, Kamari Plant Viotias,
P.O. Box 18, 19200 Elefsis, Greece.

Effect of Metakaolin Content on the Properties of High Strength Concrete : P. Dinakar*, Pradosh K. Sahoo, and G. Sriram
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials Vol.7, No.3, pp.215–223, September 2013
DOI 10.1007/s40069-013-0045-0 ISSN 1976-0485 / eISSN 2234-1315

Effect of Metakaolin on Strength and Efflorescence Quantity of Cement-Based Composites : Tsai-Lung Weng,
1 Wei-Ting Lin,2,3 and An Cheng2 Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013,
Article ID 606524, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/606524
 REFERENCES
Influence of Metakaolin on the Performance of Mortars and Concretes; M. Si-Ahmed, A. Belakrouf, and S.
Kenai; World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Civil and
Environmental Engineering Vol:6, No:11, 2012

Metakaolin inclusion: Effect on mechanical properties of concrete ; Vikas Srivastava1, Rakesh Kumar2
and V.C. Agarwal1; J. Acad. Indus. Res. Vol. 1(5) October 2012 ; ISSN: 2278-5213

Durability properties of concrete containing metakaolin Memduh Nas and Şirin Kurbetcia Department of
Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey ; Advances in Concrete
Construction, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2018) 159-175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2018.6.2.159

Effects of Metakaolin Content on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self Compacted Concrete Sanjeev
Kumar, Rinku Saini Student of M.Tech, RPIIT Karnal,India Assistant Professor, RPIIT Karnal,India
ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Volume, 05 || Issue, 08 ||August – 2015 || International Journal of Computational
Engineering Research (IJCER)
 REFERENCES
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/cement-produces-more-pollution-than-a
ll-the-trucks-in-the-world/articleshow/69919005.cms#:~:text=The%20most%20astonishing%20thing%20about,th
e%20trucks%20in%20the%20world
.

https://www.globalcement.com/magazine/articles/490-cement-101-an-introduction-to-the-worlds-most-importa
nt-building-material#:~:text=Because%20it%20is%20a%20major,%2C%20harbours%2C%20runways%20and%20ro
ads
.
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