Sensor Technology & IoT

Applications
S E N S O R D E V I C E S A R E B E C O M I N G W I D E LY AVAILABLE
Sensors are hardware components that can detect events or
changes in its surroundings, and then provide a corresponding
output.

- Programmable devices
- Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools

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M O R E “T HIN GS ” ARE BEING CONNECTED

Home/daily-life devices
Business and
Public
infrastructure
Health-care
…

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PEOPLE CONNECTING TO THINGS

ECG sensor

Internet

Motion sensor

Motion sensor
Motion sensor

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THINGS CONNECTING TO THINGS

- Complex and heterogeneous

resources and networks 5
 W I R E L E S S S E N S O R N E T W O R K S (WSN)
End-user

Core network
Gatewa e.g. Internet
y

Gatewa
y Computer services
Sink
node

- The networks typically run Low Power Devices

-Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or
actuators) 6
HOW ARE TH E NETWORKS C HA N G IN G ?

□ Extensions
⚫ More nodes, more connections
⚫ Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING
⚫ M2M, IoT
□ Billions of interconnected devices,
□ Everybody is connected.
□ Expansions
⚫ Broadband
⚫ LTE, 5G
□ Enhancements
⚫ Smart networks
⚫ Data-centric and content-oriented networking
⚫ Context-aware (autonomous) systems

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 The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of
physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables
these objects to collect and exchange data.
IoT allows objects to be sensed and
controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating
opportunities for more direct integration between the
physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting in
improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.

Thus IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies,

microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microservices and the
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internet.
The convergence has helped tear down the silos between information
technology (IT)and operational technology (OT).
The internet of things, or IoT , is a system of
interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines,
objects,
animals or people
that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data
over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.

A thing in the internet of things can be

•a person with a heart monitor implant,

• a farm animal with a biochip transponder,
•an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure
is low
or
•any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an IP address
and is able to transfer data over a network.
 HOW IOT WORKS?
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that
use embedded processors, sensors and communication hardware to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they
collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device
where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or
analyzed locally.
These capabilities include:
□Communication and cooperation
□Addressability
□Identification
□Sensing
□Actuation
□Localization
□Embedded information processing
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□User
interfaces
 O V E RV I E W : H A R D WA R E P L AT F O R M
I E E E 802.15.4
User/Environment 2 sensors 2.4GHz R F System

Sensors & XM1000

Device Actuators
“Thing”
level
Communications

Network

Gateway
Network
level
The Internet The
Internet

Servers
 S E N S O R S & A C T UATO RS
□ Sensors:
⚫ They are mainly input components
⚫ They sense and collect surrounding information
⚫ Basically three types:
□ Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
□ Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
□ Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)

□ Actuators:
⚫ They are mainly output components
⚫ They alter the surrounding. Some examples:
□ Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
□ Controlling motors to move objects
□ Displaying messages
□ and others…
 TH I N G S
□ We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.
□ A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system
currently.
□ A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
⚫ Sensors & actuators
⚫ Microcontroller
⚫ Communication unit
⚫ Power supply
□ A “thing” has the following properties:
⚫ It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited source of
energy.
⚫ It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their
computing capability.
⚫ It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
□ Power consumption is the main design issue.
 C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
□ A “thing” always feature communications for “team
working”
□ The Role of Communications
⚫ Providing a data link between two nodes
□ Communication type:
⚫ Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
⚫ Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most
popular choice (and also our focus)
□ Popular RF-based communication solutions:
⚫ I E E E 802.15.4 🡨 used in XM1000
⚫ I E E E 802.11 (or Wifi)
⚫ Bluetooth
⚫ Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. R F I D
 NETWORKS
□ The Roles of Networks
⚫ Managing nodes (discovery, join, leave, etc).
⚫ Relaying data packets from the source to the destination node in
the network.
□ Networks are a distributed system. All nodes need to
perform networking related tasks.
□ RF-based Network in IoT is usually a Wireless Multi-
hop Network. Some examples:
⚫ Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
⚫ Mobile Wireless Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)
⚫ Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs)
⚫ Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
⚫ and others...
□ Main concern: Reliability & Performance
 THE INTERNET
□ The Internet serves as a wide area networking for a
local network.
□ The Internet uses TCP/IP. This implies that
things must also support TCP/IP.
□ Gateway (or sink)
⚫ For a practical deployment, a gateway is often needed in
a network.
⚫ It offers relaying packets between the network and
the Internet.

The Internet

Data link
Gateway
Networ
k
 Thin Thin
P R O T O C O L S TA C K g g
Application Application

TCP/UDP TCP/UDP

Network (IP) Network (IP)

I E E E 802.15.4 I E E E 802.15.4 Wireless
PHY/MAC PHY/MAC
Serve Medium
r

Application Gatewa
y
TCP/UDP

Network (IP) Network (IP)

I E E E 802.3 I E E E 802.3 I E E E 802.15.4

(Ethernet) The (Ethernet) PHY/MAC
Internet
 HOW IOT WORKS?

RFI Sensor Smart Nano

D Tech Tech

To To collect and To enhance the To make the

identify process the power of the smaller and
and track data to network by smaller
the data of detect the devolving things have
things changes in processing the ability to
the physical capabilities to connect and
status of different part of interact.
things the network.

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 TH E S TRUCTUR E OF IOT
The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network consisting
of networks of devices and computers connected through
a series of intermediate technologies where numerous
technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections may act as
enablers of this connectivity.

□ Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and

addressability by RFI D s.
□ Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to
collect
data from the environment.
□ Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology
has provoked the ability of smaller things to interact and
connect within the “things” or “smart devices.”
□ Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices
through sensors
Internet. has formed
It can make the network
the “things” connection
realizing to the
the intelligent
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control.
 IOT AS A N ETWORK OF N ET WO R K S

These networks connected with added security, analytics,

and management capabilities. This will allow IoT
to21 become even more powerful in what
it can help people achieve.
UNLOCK THE MASSIVE POTENTIAL O F
IOT

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 O P P O RT U N I T I E S

2
3

Source:
 C U R R E N T S TAT U S & F U T U R E P R O S P E C T OF IOT

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“Change is the only thing permanent in this world”

 INTERNET OF THINGS

P. Barnaghi, A. Sheth, “Internet of Things, The story so far”, IEEE IoT Newsletter, September 2014.
 TH E F UTURE OF IOT

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"The Sky's not the limit. It's only the beginning with IoT."
 T H E P OT E N T I A L OF IOT

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GE’s estimates on potential of just O N E percent savings
applied using IoT across global industry sectors.
TEC H N O LO G Y R OA D M A P O F IOT

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 A P P L I C AT I O N S OF IOT

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"The Ultimate G o a l of I OT is to Automate H u m a n Life."

 F E W A P P L I C AT I O N S OF I O T -A C T I V I T Y
✔ Building and Home automation
✔ Manufacturing
✔ Medical and Healthcare systems
✔ Media
✔ Environmental monitoring
✔ Infrastructure management
✔ Energy management
✔ Transportation
✔ Better quality of life for elderly

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You name it, and you will have it in IoT!
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 TECHNOLOGICAL
C H A L L E N G E S O F IOT
At present IoT is faced with many challenges, such
as:
▪ Scalability
▪ Technological Standardization
▪ Inter operability
▪ Discovery
▪ Software complexity
▪ Data volumes and interpretation
▪ Power Supply
▪ Interaction and short range communication
▪ Wireless communication
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▪ Fault tolerance
 “With a trillion sensors embedded in
the environment—all connected by
computing systems, software, and
services—it will be possible to hear the
heartbeat of the Earth, impacting human
interaction with the globe as profoundly
as the Internet has revolutionized
communication.” - Peter Hartwell, Senior
Researcher, H P Labs.
How much more IoT can do is
only left to your 45

“ I M AG I N AT I O N ”
 C RITICISMS OF IOT
Scholars and social observers and pessimists
have doubts about the promises of the ubiquitous
computing revolution, in the areas as:

▪ Privacy
▪ Security
▪ Autonomy and Control
▪ Social control
▪ Political manipulation
▪ Design
▪ Environmental impact
▪ Influences human moral decision making 46
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 REFERENCES
1. www.google.com

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things

3. Cisco whitepaper, "The Internet of Things" - How the Next

Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything, by Dave
Evans, April 2011.

4. G E cloud expo 2014, "Industrial Internet as a Service", by

Shyam Varan Nath, Principal Architect.

5. Dr. Mazlan Abbas, M I M O S Berhad, Wisma I E M , Petaling

Jaya
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THANK YOU

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