Module 3 Moment

Module 3 :MOMENT OF A
FORCE
6. Interpret and analyze the moment of a

force about a point and a line. (CO2)
MOMENT OF A FORCE (SCALAR FORMULATION),
CROSS PRODUCT, MOMENT OF A FORCE (VECTOR
FORMULATION), & PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS
Objectives :
Students will be able to:
a) understand and define moment,
and,
b) determine moments of a force in 2-
D and 3-D cases.
APPLICATIONS
Beams are often used to bridge gaps in walls.

We have to know what the effect of the force on
the beam will have on the supports of the beam.
What do you think is happening at points A and B?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
Carpenters often use a hammer in this way to pull a stubborn

nail. Through what sort of action does the force FH at the
handle pull the nail? How can you mathematically model
the effect of force FH at point O?
MOMENT OF A FORCE - SCALAR
FORMULATION
The moment of a force about a point provides a measure of the

tendency for rotation (sometimes called a torque).
FORMULATION
In a 2-D case, the magnitude of the moment is Mo = F d
As shown, d is the perpendicular distance from point O to the

line of action of the force.
In 2-D, the direction of MO is either clockwise (CW) or

counter-clockwise (CCW), depending on the tendency for
rotation.
FORMULATION
a F
For example, MO = F d and the
b direction is counter-clockwise.
O
d
Fy F
Often it is easier to determine Fx
MO by using the components of b a
F as shown. O
Then MO = (FY a) – (FX b). Note the different signs on the terms!
The typical sign convention for a moment in 2-D is that counter-
clockwise is considered positive. We can determine the direction
of rotation by imagining the body pinned at O and deciding which
way the body would rotate because of the force.
EXAMPLE I
Given: A 100 N force is
applied to the frame.
Find: The moment of the
force at point O.
Plan:
1) Resolve the 100 N force along x and y-axes.

2) Determine MO using a scalar analysis for the two
force components and then add those two moments
together..
EXAMPLE I (continued)
Solution
+  Fy = – 100 (3/5) N
+  Fx = 100 (4/5) N
+ MO = {– 100 (3/5)N (5 m) – (100)(4/5)N (2 m)} N·m
= – 460 N·m or 460 N·m CW
Determine the moment of the force about point O.
Determine the resultant moment of the four forces
acting on the rod about point O.
VECTOR CROSS PRODUCT
While finding the moment of a force in 2-D is straightforward

when you know the perpendicular distance d, finding the
perpendicular distances can be hard—especially when you are
working with forces in three dimensions.
So a more general approach to finding the moment of a force
exists. This more general approach is usually used when
dealing with three dimensional forces but can be used in the
two dimensional case as well.
This more general method of finding the moment of a force
uses a vector operation called the cross product of two vectors.
CROSS PRODUCT
In general, the cross product of two vectors A and B results in

another vector, C , i.e., C = A  B. The magnitude and
direction of the resulting vector can be written as
C = A  B = A B sin  uC
As shown, uC is the unit vector perpendicular to both A and B
vectors (or to the plane containing the A and B vectors).
CROSS PRODUCT
The right-hand rule is a useful tool for determining the
direction of the vector resulting from a cross product.
For example: i  j = k
Note that a vector crossed into itself is zero, e.g., i  i = 0
CROSS PRODUCT
Also, the cross product can be written as a determinant.
Each component can be determined using 2  2 determinants.

MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION
Moments in 3-D can be calculated using scalar (2-D) approach,

but it can be difficult and time consuming. Thus, it is often easier
to use a mathematical approach called the vector cross product.
Using the vector cross product, MO = r  F.
Here r is the position vector from point O to any point on the line
of action of F.
MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR FORMULATION
(continued)
So, using the cross product, a
moment can be expressed as
By expanding the above equation using 2  2 determinants, we get

(sample units are N - m or lb - ft)
MO = (ry FZ - rZ Fy) i  (rx Fz - rz Fx ) j + (rx Fy - ry Fx ) k
The physical meaning of the above equation becomes evident by

considering the force components separately and using a 2-D
formulation.
EXAMPLE II
Given: F1={100 i - 120 j + 75 k}lb
F2={-200 i +250 j + 100 k}lb
o
Find: Resultant moment by the
forces about point O.
Plan:
1) Find F = F1 + F2 and rOA.
2) Determine MO = rOA  F .
EXAMPLE II (continued)
Solution:
First, find the resultant force vector F
F = F1 + F2
= { (100 - 200) i + (-120 + 250) j + (75 + 100) k} lb
= {-100 i +130 j + 175 k} lb
Find the position vector rOA
rOA = {4 i + 5 j + 3 k} ft
Then find the moment by using the vector cross product.

i j k
MO = 4 5 3 = [{5(175) – 3(130)} i – {4(175) –
-100 130 175 3(-100)} j + {4(130) – 5(-100)} k] ft·lb
= {485 i – 1000 j + 1020 k} ft·lb
Two forces act on the rod. Determine the resultant
moment they create about the flange at O. Express
the result as a Cartesian vector.
Determine the resultant moment produced by the two forces
about point O. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
PROBLEM SOLVING
y
x
Given: A 20 lb force is applied Given: The force and geometry

to the hammer. shown.
Find: The moment of the Find: Moment of F about
force at A. point A
PROBLEM SOLVING I
y Given: A 20 lb force is applied
x to the hammer.
Find: The moment of the
force at A.
Plan:
Since this is a 2-D problem:

1) Resolve the 20 lb force
along the handle’s x and y
axes.
2) Determine MA using a
scalar analysis.
PROBLEM SOLVING I (continued)
y
x Solution:
+  Fy = 20 sin 30° lb
+  Fx = 20 cos 30° lb
+ MA = {–(20 cos 30°)lb (18 in) – (20 sin 20°)lb (5 in)}
= – 351.77 lb·in = 352 lb·in (clockwise or CW)

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II
Given: The force and geometry

shown.
Find: Moment of F about
point A
Plan:
1) Find F and rAC.
2) Determine MA = rAC  F
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II (continued)
Solution:
F ={ (80 cos30) sin 40 i
+ (80 cos30) cos 40 j  80 sin30 k} N
={44.53 i + 53.07 j  40 k } N
rAC ={0.55 i + 0.4 j  0.2 k } m
Find the moment by using the cross product.

i j k
MA = 0.55 0.4  0.2
44.53 53.07  40
= { -5.39 i + 13.1 j +11.4 k } N·m
MOMENT OF A FORCE
ABOUT AN AXIS
MOMENT ABOUT AN AXIS
Objectives:
Students will be able to
determine the moment of a
force about an axis using
a) scalar analysis, and,
b) vector analysis.
APPLICATIONS
With the force P, a person is creating a moment MA using this

flex-handle socket wrench. Does all of MA act to turn the
socket? How would you calculate an answer to this question?
APPLICATIONS
Sleeve A of this bracket can provide a maximum resisting

moment of 125 N·m about the x-axis. How would you
determine the maximum magnitude of F before turning
about the x-axis occurs?
SCALAR ANALYSIS
Recall that the moment of a scalar force about

any point O is MO= F dO where dO is the
perpendicular (or shortest) distance from the
point to the force’s line of action. This concept
can be extended to find the moment of a force
about an axis.
Finding the moment of a force about an axis can

help answer the types of questions we just
considered.
SCALAR ANALYSIS
In the figure above, the moment about the y-axis would be

My= Fz (dx) = F (r cos θ). However, unless the force can
easily be broken into components and the “dx” found quickly,
such calculations are not always trivial and vector analysis
may be much easier (and less likely to produce errors).
VECTOR ANALYSIS
Our goal is to find the moment of F
(the tendency to rotate the body)
about the a-axis.
First compute the moment of F

about any arbitrary point O that lies
on the a’- a axis using the cross
product.
MO = r  F
Now, find the component of MO along the a-axis using the dot
product.
Ma’-a = ua • MO
VECTOR ANALYSIS (continued)
M a can also be obtained as
The above equation is also called the

triple scalar product.
In the this equation,

ua represents the unit vector along the a-axis,
r is the position vector from any point on the a-axis to any
point A on the line of action of the force, and
F is the force vector.
EXAMPLE
Given: A force is applied to
A the tool as shown.
Find: The magnitude of the
B
moment of this force about
the x axis of the value.
Plan:
1) Use Mz = u • (r  F).
2) First, find F in Cartesian vector form.
3) Note that u = 1 i in this case.
4) The vector r is the position vector from O to A.
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
u=1i
rOA = {0 i + 0.3 j + 0.25 k} m
F = 200 (cos 120 i + cos 60 j
+ cos 45 k) N
= {-100 i + 100 j + 141.4 k} N
Now find Mz = u • (rAB  F)
1 0 0
MX = 0 0.3 0.25 = 1{0.3 (141.4) – 0.25 (100) } N·m
-100 100 141.4
MX = 17.4 N·m CCW

Determine the moment MAB produced by the force F which
tends to rotate the rod about the AB axis.
Determine the magnitude of the moment of force F
about segment OA of the pipe assembly.
The force F = 12i – 8j + 6k N is applied to the gripper
of the holding device shown. Determine the
moment of F about (a) the a – axis; (b) the z – axis.
The frame ACD is hinged at A and D and is supported by a cable that
passes through the ring at B and is attached to hooks at G and H.
Knowing that the tension in the cable is 1125N, determine the moment
about the diagonal AD of the force exerted on the frame by portion BH of
the cable.
PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem 1
Problem 2
Given: The hood of the Determine the magnitude of the
automobile is supported force F given that its moment
by the strut AB, which about the axis BC is 150 N·m.
exerts a force F = 24 lb.
Find: The moment of F about
the hinged axis y.
PROBLEM SOLVING
Given: The hood of the
automobile is supported
by the strut AB, which
exerts a force F = 24 lb.
Find: The moment of F about
the hinged axis y.
Plan:
1) Use My = u • (rOA  F)
2) Find uAB from rAB
3) Find F in Cartesian vector form using uAB.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
Solution:

F = F uAB
= (24 / 4.899) {– 2 i + 2 j + 4 k} lb
= { – 9.80 i + 9.80 j + 19.60 k} lb
PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
Now find the triple product, My = u • (rOA  F)

0 1 0
My = 4 0 0 lb·ft
-9.80 9.80 19.6
My = -1 {4 (19.6) – 0 (-9.80)}
= - 78.4 lb·ft CCW
= 78.4 lb·ft CW

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Module 3 :MOMENT OF A

6. Interpret and analyze the moment of a

Beams are often used to bridge gaps in walls.

Carpenters often use a hammer in this way to pull a stubborn

The moment of a force about a point provides a measure of the

As shown, d is the perpendicular distance from point O to the

In 2-D, the direction of MO is either clockwise (CW) or

1) Resolve the 100 N force along x and y-axes.

While finding the moment of a force in 2-D is straightforward

In general, the cross product of two vectors A and B results in

Each component can be determined using 2  2 determinants.

Moments in 3-D can be calculated using scalar (2-D) approach,

By expanding the above equation using 2  2 determinants, we get

The physical meaning of the above equation becomes evident by

Then find the moment by using the vector cross product.

Given: A 20 lb force is applied Given: The force and geometry

Since this is a 2-D problem:

+ MA = {–(20 cos 30°)lb (18 in) – (20 sin 20°)lb (5 in)}

= – 351.77 lb·in = 352 lb·in (clockwise or CW)

Given: The force and geometry

1) Find F and rAC.

rAC ={0.55 i + 0.4 j  0.2 k } m

Find the moment by using the cross product.

With the force P, a person is creating a moment MA using this

Sleeve A of this bracket can provide a maximum resisting

Recall that the moment of a scalar force about

Finding the moment of a force about an axis can

In the figure above, the moment about the y-axis would be

First compute the moment of F

M a can also be obtained as

The above equation is also called the

In the this equation,

MX = 17.4 N·m CCW

Now find the triple product, My = u • (rOA  F)

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