DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL

SCIENCES
Basic Concepts and Principles of the
Major Social Science Ideas:

PSYCHOANALYSIS
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
1. Explain what is Psychoanalysis
2. Identify the five stages of Psychosexual Development
and the types of Defense Mechanism;
3. Analyze and discuss the psychodynamics of a person’s
personality in terms of id, ego and superego
 Pre-Test

Direction: Identify what is being

asked by completing the missing
letters of the correct answer.
 
 Pre-Test

1. The material that we have no

immediate access to, and we cannot
bring into consciousness.
 

_nc_n_cio_s
Unconscious
 Pre-Test

2. The “ideal”. Consequence of the

oedipal drama towards parent of the
opposite sex.  

S_pe_e_o

Superego
 Pre-Test
3. It is defined as a set of psychological
theories and therapeutic techniques that have
originated from the works of Sigmund Freud
 

P_yc_oan_ly_i_
Psychoanalysis
 Pre-Test
4. Its primary job is to balance/mediate
the demands of the Id and the outer
forces of reality
 

_go
Ego
 Pre-Test

5. He is known as the Father of

Psychoanalysis
 

S_gm_n_ F_e_d

Sigmund Freud
 PSYCHOANALYSIS

Psychoanalysis is a type of
therapy that aims to release
pent-up or repressed emotions
and memories in order to lead
the client to catharsis, or healing
 PSYCHOANALYSIS

A theory of the mind and its direct

connection to a personality or
behavior. The basic premise of
psychoanalysis is that the human
mind has an unconscious state.
PSYCHOANALYSIS

SIGMUND FREUD
• 1856 – 1939
• Austrian  neurologist and is known as
the Father of Psychoanalysis.
• Freud believed that people could be
cured by making conscious their
unconscious thoughts and
motivations, thus gaining "insight".
 Personality Theory

Freud developed a personality theory,

called psychosexual development of
personality, which posits that at different
stages of growth; the individual derives
pleasure from different parts of the body
 Stages of Psychosexual
Development of Personality
1. ORAL STAGE

• Manifest from birth to approximately 18

months
• The child is totally dependent on others to
provide for his/her needs
 

• Pleasure is derived from the use of the mouth in

activities such as sucking, chewing, and biting.
• Personality developed in this
stage is dependence.
2. ANAL STAGE

• This begins at 18 months and lasts until 3

years when the child is being toilet trained.
• the child seeks pleasure from the anus
(e.g., withholding and  expelling feces)
• The personality developed in this stage is
independence, self-control, orderliness and sense
of accomplishment.
3. PHALLIC STAGE
• 3-6 years of age
• During this stage the child develops attraction to
their parents of the opposite sex and sees jealous
and rivalrous relationship  with his or her parents
of the same sex.
• Ego developed more, superego starts to develop lately

• Wide range of psychological disorders through

failure to resolve this conflict, (unreasonable
anxiety, phobias, & depression)
4. LATENT STAGE

• 6-12 years of age

• Personality traits developed in this stage
are associated with social
 
skills and social
interactions.
• Pleasure is gained through same sex /peer
friendship
5. GENITAL STAGE

• 12 years of age onward or from puberty to

adulthood.
• Seeks marriage partner, preparation for
adult life.  

• The personality developed in this stage is sexual

maturity.
KEY CONCEPTS IN
PSYCHOANALYSIS
LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
1. CONSCIOUS

• This is where our current thoughts, feelings,

and focus live; the level of the mind is the
accessible information, memories and
thoughts that the individual
 
has.
1. PRECONSCIOUS

• This is the home of everything we can recall

or retrieve from our memory; the level where
accessible and retrievable information are
situated.  
1. UNCONSCIOUS

• contains thoughts, emotions, feelings,

memories and desire that are inaccessible. It
resides in the deepest level of our minds that
influence our behavior.  
PSYCHODYNAMICS OF A
PERSON’S PERSONALITY
1. ID

• Occupies the unconscious level.

• The primitive and instinctive component of
personality.
 

• It is the immature component of personality; it

only seeks pleasure and demands gratification.
• When the Id has a desire for something, that
desire needs to be satisfied at once. It does not
take reality into account as it only demands
what it wants without reason or logic.
2. EGO

• Resides in the conscious and preconscious

level of the mind.
• The ego is the moderator between the id
and the superego  

• Conscious part of the mind (Rational Self).

• Operates on the “Reality Principle”

2. SUPEREGO

• Resides in all three levels of the mind.

• The superego is the portion of the mind in

which morality and higher principles reside,
 

encouraging us to act in socially and morally

acceptable ways
• Base on the morality principle
• It is considered as a person’s conscience.
 DEFENSE MECHANISMS

- Refers to processes of self-deception, that

protects people from anxious thoughts or
feelings.

- Are thought to safeguard the mind against

feelings and thoughts that are too difficult
for the conscious mind to cope with.
1. DENIAL

• is often used to describe situations in

which people seem unable to face
reality or admit an obvious truth. (He’s
 

in denial).
2. DISPLACEMENT

• redirecting an emotional reaction from

the rightful recipient to another person
altogether.  
3. REPRESSION

• acts to keep information out of

conscious awareness. However, these
memories don’t just disappear: they
 

continue to influence our behavior.

4. SUBLIMATION

• Similar to displacement, this defense

mechanism involves satisfying an
impulse by acting on a substitute but in
 

a socially acceptable way.

 ACTIVITY

Direction: Study the pictures below

and answer the questions that follow.
 
 ACTIVITY

1. What are your interpretations of the two pictures?

2. How can you relate this to your daily life?
3. What are the three structures of personality shown in the
pictures?
 REVIEW OF THE PAST

1.You are working in a convenience store, and

you see Jack, your co-worker, stealing money
from the cash register. He is also your best
friend and he's only stealing  100 pesos. Despite
the fact that he is your best friend he has also
been flirting with the girl you like – and he
knows that you like her. What would the id,
ego, and superego do?
RATIONAL CHOICE
THEORY
 RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

- it assumes that individuals are rational

actors using rational information to try
actively maximize their advantage in any
situation and therefore consistently trying
to minimize their losses

- individual action is based on their conduct

on the logical process 
COST - BENEFIT
• COST - an amount
that has to be paid
or spent to buy or
obtain something  

• BENEFIT - an
advantage or profit
gained from
something.
 EXAMPLE

Sebastian has two classmates whom he

wants to be friends with: Ethan, a social
outcast but has the newest action game,
and Alyster, the most popular in the
class but does not like to play action
games.
ASSUMPTIONS OF
RATIONAL CHOICE
THEORY
1. INDIVIDUALISM

• It is the ability of individuals to

ultimately take actions
 
2. OPTIMALITY

• Individuals choose their actions

optimally, given their individual
preferences as well as the opportunities
 

or constraints with which the individuals

face.
3. STRUCTURES

• These structures and norms that dictate

a single course of action are merely
special cases of rational choice theory.
 
4. SELF-REGARDING
INTEREST

• This assumption states that the actions

of an individual is concerned entirely
with his/her own welfare.
 
5. RATIONALITY

• It is the most predominant assumption

of the rational choice theory.
 
INSTITUTIONALISM
 INSTITUTIONALISM

- William Richard Scott defines institutions

a social structure that have attained a high
degree of resilience 

- This is an approach that emphasizes the

role of institutions. Also, it stresses the
usefulness of established institutions, often
at the expense of the individual
TYPES OF INSTITUTION

• FAMILY
• RELIGION
• ECONOMY  

• GOVERNMENT
• EDUCATION
 KEY CONCEPTS IN
INSTITUTIONALISM
1. FORMAL INSTITUTION

• Formal institutions are codified rules,

policies and norms that are considered
official, originating from state laws,
 

government or organizations

• Examples: constitution, official law,

regulation, standards enforced by the
state.
2. INFORMAL INSTITUTION

• Informal institutions are social practices

that have been commonly viewed as
acceptable and are more persistent than
codified laws like that of formal
 

institutions

• Examples: Informal institutions, social

norms, attitudes, traditions, self-
enforced morals
3. INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS

• refer to the people who make up

society, whose actions are controlled
and regulated by institutions.
 

Institutional actors can be an individual,

a group, an organization, or a
government that creates or follows rules
 ISOMORPHISM

- Institutions provide social legitimacy and

survival through Isomorphism.

- Isomorphism refers to the similarity in

form, shape or structure. Institutions arise,
change, and persist due to their regulative,
normative and cognitive functions
THREE FUNCTIONS OF
ISOMORPHISM
1. REGULATIVE FUNCTION

• regulative function operates through

coercive isomorphism, which places
value on expediency as effect of
 

compliance. Change either happens or

not depending on external factors such
as rules and laws.
2. NORMATIVE FUNCTION

• normative function operates through

normative isomorphism, which places
value on complying with social
 

obligations. Change either happens or

not depending on external factors such
as accreditations and certifications.
3. COGNITIVE FUNCTION

• cognitive function operates through

mimetic isomorphism, which places
value on factors such as uncertainty and
 

prevalence of others’ performance.

 ACTIVITY

You’re on your way to an important job

interview. Suddenly, your sister called
you and said that your mother is in pain
and that she needs to be brought to the
hospital immediately.

1. What will you do?

2. What is the cost and the benefit
depending on your choice.
FEMINIST THEORY
 FEMINISM

- Feminism refers to the belief that men

and women deserve equality in all
opportunities, treatment, respect, and
social rights

- Feminists point out that in most cultures

throughout history men have received more
opportunities than women.
 FEMINIST THEORY

- Feminist theory includes attempts to describe and

explain how gender systems work, as well as a
consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as
whether a society's gender arrangements are fair.

- is a range of political movements, ideologies,

and social movements that share a common goal
which is to define and advance political,
economic, personal, and social rights for women
TYPES OF FEMINISM
1. LIBERAL FEMINISM

• Liberal feminism is an individualistic

form of feminist theory, which focuses
on women’s ability to maintain their
 

equality through their own actions and

choices.
2. SOCIALIST FEMINISM

• Socialist feminism is a branch of

feminism that focuses upon both the
public and private spheres of a woman's
 

life and argues that liberation can only

be achieved by working to end both the
economic and cultural sources of
women's oppression.
3. RADICAL FEMINISM

• Radical feminism is a perspective within

feminism that calls for a radical
reordering of society in which male
 

supremacy is eliminated in all social and

economic contexts.
4. CULTURAL FEMINISM

• is a movement that points out how

modern society is hurt by encouraging
masculine behavior, but society would
 

benefit by encouraging feminine

behavior instead.
KEY CONCEPTS IN
FEMINISM
1. GENDER IDEOLOGY

• Gender ideology is a social belief that

supports gender inequality. It is a social
divide that establishes perceived roles
 

for men and women and relegating them

to specific roles.
2. GENDER INEQUALITY

• Gender inequality is the actualization or

realization of gender ideology. There is
gender inequality when the perceived
 

role of women subordination to men

reflects hiring procedures and
requirements
 ACTIVITY

Direction: Read the poem and

answer the questions that follow.
Write your answers in a separate
 

sheet of paper.
 ACTIVITY 1. Who do you think is the
persona of the poem, I Stay at
I Stay at Home Home?
A Social Justice Poem by Guy Farmer
2. What do you think is the poem
Brother goes off to school all about?
While I stay at home
Tending to the boiling pot   3. Do you agree with the idea of
On the stove, scrubbing the the persona, staying at home?
Floor to a fine shine,
4. What can you do to change the
Cleaning the streaks off the windows, society’s traditional culture of
Dreaming of being in a classroom gender inequality?
Traveling to colorful new worlds.
 HERMENEUTIC
PHENOMENOLOGY
 HERMENEUTIC

In the study of literary texts, scholars

frequently adhere to a set of rules or a
specific system on which to base their
interpretation
 PHENOMENOLOGY

- Refers to a person’s perception of the

meaning of an event, as opposed to the
event as exist externally to (outside of) that
person
 PHENOMENOLOGY

- Refers to a person’s perception of the

meaning of an event, as opposed to the
event as exist externally to (outside of) that
person
 PHENOMENOLOGY

- Refers to a person’s perception of the

meaning of an event, as opposed to the
event as exist externally to (outside of) that
person
 HERMENEUTIC
PHENOMENOLOGY

- focused on subjective experience of

individuals and groups. It is an attempt to
unveil the world as experienced by the
subject. through their life world stories.

- This school believes that interpretations

are all we have and description itself is an
interpretive process
Lived Experiences of
Hermeneutical
Phenomenology
1. LIVED BODY

• It refers to our physical body or bodily

presence in our everyday lives, including
all that we feel, reveal, conceal, and
 

share through our lived body

2. LIVED SPACE

• It is the existential theme that refers us

to the world or landscape in which
human beings move and find themselves
 

at home.
3. LIVED TIME

• It can be understood as time as we

experience it. This is composed of a
subjective understanding of time as
 

opposed to the more objective or

“factual” time, and it refers to the ways
in which we experience our world on a
temporal level.
4. LIVED HUMAN RELATIONS

• Refers to the relations we make and/or

maintain with others in our lifeworld.
 
 HUMAN-
ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEM
 HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEM

- Also known as CHANS (coupled human and

natural system).

- Dynamical two-way interactions between

human systems (e.g. economic, social) and
natural (e.g. hydrologic, atmospheric,
biological, geological) systems.
1. LANDSCAPE
- The visible features of an area of land of countryside or
land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.

TYPES OF LANDSCAPE

1. NATURAL LANDSCAPE
- Original landscapes that exists before it is acted upon by human culture.

2. NATURAL LANDSCAPE
- Cultural properties [that] represent the combined works of nature and of
man (World Heritage Committee)
2. THEMATIC MAP

• Focuses on a specific theme or subject

area such as physical phenomena like
temperature variation, rainfall
distribution, and population density in an
area (Berroya 2017).
3. MENTAL MAP

• First-person perspective of an area and

how they interact with it.
4. Spatial Distribution

• The arrangement of a phenomenon across

Earth’s surface and graphical display of
such an arrangement is an important tool
in geographical and environmental
statistics.
5. Spatial Analysis

• A type of geographical analysis which seeks

to explain patterns of human behavior and
its spatial expression in terms of
mathematics, and geometry, that is,
locational analysis.
Environmental Issues
(Environmental
Action and Effects)
1. Human Overpopulation

• Human overpopulation occurs when the

ecological footprint of a human
population in a specific geographical
 

location exceeds the carrying capacity

of the place occupied by that group.
2. Intensive Farming

• Intensive farming or intensive

agriculture is a kind of agriculture
where a lot of capital and labor are used
 

to increase the yield that can be

obtained per area.
3. Exhausted Land Use

• It involves exhaustive management and

modification of natural environment or
wilderness into built environment such
 

as settlements and semi-natural habitats

such as arable fields, arrangements,
activities, and inputs that people
undertake in a certain land cover type.
4. Hydrology

• It is the scientific study of the

movement, distribution, and quality of
water on Earth and other planets,
 

including the water cycle, water

resources and environmental watershed
sustainability.
 ACTIVITY

Direction: We can no longer deny that Mother

Earth is dying, and the major reason
is because of the human activities which destroy our
environment. On separate sheet
 

of paper, write an essay about how you will help our

Mother Earth to restore in your
own way(s) as a Senior High School student..
Thank You!