Digital Communication Systems

ICT-2205
Course Objectives:
To provide knowledge on communication systems, different
types of modulation techniques, noise signals, transmitter
system, and receiver system models.

Course Outcomes:
After completing this course a student would be able to
⮚Understand the digital signal modulation techniques.
⮚ Analysis different modulation techniques.
⮚Understand the source of noise and their filtering
⮚Demonstrate the transmitter and receiver system.
Text Book:
1. S. Haykin : Communication Systems
2. Ravi Birla: Electronic communication system, Thomson Learning
3.Kennedy and Devis: Electronic communication system, ,TMH

Reff. Books Recommended:

1.Leon W Couch: Digital and Analog communication system, Pearson Education
2.Taub and Schilling: Principles of communication system, TMH
 Chapter-One
Introduction to Communication Systems

Communication means to share or exchange

information, views, thoughts via different medium.
It is the process of sending information from source
to destination.

System is an interrelated components that

achieve a goal.
Objectives
After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
⮚ Define the word information as it applies to the subject of communication.
⮚ Explain the term channel noise and its effects.
⮚ Understand the use of modulation, as it applies to transmission.
⮚ Know about Information and Communication Sources
⮚Demonstrate a basic understanding of the term BW and its application in Comm.
⮚ Define the word noise as it applies to this materials
Communication System: A communication system is a
system that describes communication with many hardware &
software tools.
“ An electronic communication system is transferring information
using an electrical field as a mean of signal”

Elements of communication system:

Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination

Source

Basic Communication System

 Elements of Communication System
Every communication system exhibits the several basic elements namely :
• Information source : Information source is the first step in the communication
system. Any communication system serves to communicate message or
information. This message originates in the information source.
• Transmitter : The transmitter's function is to convert the message signal into a
form which is suitable for transmission over the communication channel or
medium. This technique is called modulation.
• Channel : Channel implies the medium through which the message travels
from the transmitter to the receiver. It can be either guided or non-guided.
• Receiver : The receiver’s function is to receive the signal and convert the
message signal into original form . This technique is called demodulation.
• Destination : Destination is the final step in the communication system.
Message or information consume in the destination.
 Types of Communication

Electronic communications are classified in different

ways. According to the transmission modes, they are:
• Simplex
• Half-Duplex
• Duplex
According to signal level, they are:
• Analog
• Digital
Simplex:
The simplest way in which electronic communication is
conducted is one-way communications, normally
referred to as simplex communication. The most
common forms of simplex communication are radio and
TV broadcasting.
Half Duplex:
The form of two-way communication in which only one party
transmits at a time is known as half duplex communication. The
communication is two-way, but the direction alternates.
Most radio transmissions, such as those used in the military, fire,
police, aircraft, marine, and other services, are half duplex
communication. Citizens band (CB), Family Radio, and amateur
radio communication are also half duplex
Full Duplex :
The bulk of electronic communication is two-way, or duplex
communication. For example, people communicating with one
another over the telephone can talk and listen simultaneously.
This is called full duplex communication.
Analog Signals :
An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously
varying voltage or current. A sine wave is a single-
frequency analog signal. Voice and video voltages
are analog signals that vary in accordance with the
sound or light variations that are analogous to the
information being transmitted.
Digital Signals:
Digital signals, in contrast to analog signals, do not vary
continuously, but change in steps or in discrete increments. Most
digital signals use binary or two-state codes.
 Key Differences between Analog and Digital Signals

Analog Signal Digital Signal

An analog signal signifies a continuous signal that keeps A digital signal signifies a discrete signal that carries
changes with a time period. binary data and has discrete values.
   
Analog signals are continuous sine waves Digital signal is square waves.
   

Analog signals describe the behavior of the wave with Digital signals describe the behavior of the signal with
respect to amplitude, time period, & phase of the signal. respect to the rate of a bit as well as bit interval.
   

Analog signal range will not be set. Digital signal is limited as well as ranges from 0 to 1.
   

Analog signal is further horizontal toward distortion during A digital signal has resistance in response toward the noise,
the response to noise therefore, it does not often face distortion.
   
An analog signal broadcasts the information in the signal A digital signal broadcasts the information in the form of
form. binary that is bits.
   
The example of a digital signal is the data transmission in a
The example of an analog signal is the human voice computer.
   
Advantages of Digital Signal Over Analog Signal
There are several advantages using digital signal over an analog signal.
• Digital signals are more secure, and they do not get damaged by noise.
• These signals use low bandwidth
• They allow the signals transmitted over a lengthy distance.
• Digital signal has a higher rate transmission
• By using these signals, we can translate the messages, audio, video
into device language.
• Digital signals enable the transmission of multidirectional
concurrently.
Sources of Information
The information sources are categorized into two groups:
Formal Sources: The formal sources includes-
• Books
• Reviews
• Journals
• Reports
• Patents
• Abstracting and indexing journals
• Subject bibliographies,
• Card catalogues,
• Audiovisual media
• Databases
• Conference proceedings
• Internet, etc.
Informal Sources: The informal sources include
• “Invisible colleges” private correspondence
• Local and foreign conferences
• Meetings and seminars
• Government departments,
• Industries
• Social gathering, etc.
The use of information sources depends on the working conditions,
subject of the study, and nature of information sought by the users.
Communication Networks
Communication Networks can be of following 5 types:
⮚ Local Area Network (LAN)
⮚ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
⮚ Wide Area Network (WAN)
⮚ Wireless
⮚ Inter Network (Internet)
Communication Channels
Communication channels classify in different ways:
• Linear or Nonlinear: A channel may be linear or nonlinear, a

telephone line is linear, whereas a satellite channel is usually (not

always) nonlinear.
• Time Invariant or Time Varying: An optical fiber is time
invariant, whereas a mobile radio channel is time varying.
• Bandwidth Limited or Power Limited: A telephone channel is
bandwidth limited, whereas an optical fiber link and a satellite
channel are both power limited.
Multiplexing
Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals into one
signal, over a shared medium. If analog signals are multiplexed, it
is Analog Multiplexing and if digital signals are multiplexed, that
process is Digital Multiplexing.
Classification of Multiplexing
Multiplexing classify in different ways:
 Basic Digital Communication System
Estimate of
Message Signal Message Signal
Source of User of
Information Information

Source Source
Encoder Decoder

Source Code Word Estimate of Source

Code Word

Channel Channel
Transmitter Encoder Decoder Receiver

Channel Code Word Estimate of Channel

Code Word
Modulator
Demodulator

Wavefor Received Signal

m Channel

Block Diagram of Digital Communication Systems

 Noise
Noise may be defined, in electrical terms, as any unwanted
signal (energy) to interfere with proper reception and
reproduction of transmitted signals. It is an electronic signal
that is a mixture of many random frequencies at many
amplitudes that gets added to a radio or information signal as it
is transmitted from one place to another or as it is processed.
Noise is not the same as interference from other information
signals.
There are two types of noise:
• External
• Internal
 External noise comes from sources over which we have little
or no control industrial, atmospheric, or space. Regardless of
its source, noise shows up as a random ac voltage and can be
seen on an oscilloscope. The amplitude varies over a wide
range as does the frequency. One can say that noise in general
contains all frequencies, varying randomly.

Internal Noise, Electronic components in a receiver such as

resistors, diodes, and transistors are major sources of internal
noise. Internal noise, although it is low level, is often great
enough to interfere with weak signals. The main sources of
internal noise in a receiver are thermal noise, semiconductor
noise, and intermodulation distortion. Since the sources of
internal noise are well known, there is some design control over
this type of noise.
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, also designated SNR, indicates the relative
strengths of the signal and the noise in a communication system. The stronger
the signal and the weaker the noise, the higher the S/N ratio. If the signal is weak
and the noise is strong, the S/N ratio will be low and reception will be unreliable.
Communication equipment is designed to produce the highest feasible S/N ratio.
Signals can be expressed in terms of voltage or power. The S/N
ratio is computed by using either voltage or power values:
S/N=Vs/Vn or S/N=Ps/Pn
Where,
Vs = signal voltage
Vn = noise voltage
Ps =signal power
Pn = noise power
 Nose Factor and Noise Figure
The Noise Factor is the ratio of the S/N power at the input to the S/N
power at the output. The device under consideration can be the entire
receiver or a single amplifier stage. The noise factor or noise ratio
(NR) is computed with the expression:
Input (S/N)
NR =
Output (S/N)

When the noise factor is expressed in decibels, it is called the Noise

Figure (NF):
NF =10 log NR dB
 Noise Temperature

Most of the noise produced in a device is thermal noise, which is

directly proportional to temperature. Therefore, another way to
express the noise in an amplifier or receiver is in terms of Noise
Temperature NT. Noise temperature is expressed in kelvins.
Remember that the Kelvin temperature scale is related to the Celsius
scale by the relationship Tk = TC + 273. The relationship between
Noise Temperature (NT) and Noise Ratio/Figure (NR) is given by:
NT = Tk(NR - 1).
For example, if the noise ratio is 1.5, the equivalent noise

temperature is NT =290(1.5-1)=290(0.5)=145 K. Clearly, if the

amplifier or receiver contributes no noise, then NR will be 1, as

indicated before. Plugging this value into the expression

above gives an equivalent noise temperature of 0 K:

NT = 290 (1-1)=290 (0)= 0 K. If the noise ratio is greater than 1,

an equivalent noise temperature will be produced.

Any Question?