PUMPS- UNIT 5

Prof. Suresh R Reddy

BMSCE, Bangalore.
suri.civ@bmsce.ac.in
Contents:
 Definition
 Classification
 Centrifugal pumps:
 General principle
 Priming
 Heads & Efficiencies
 Work Done & Efficiency
 Numerical Problems
 Minimum Starting Speed
 Pumps in Series and Parallel.
PUMPS
Pumps are used to transfer and distribute fluids in various industries. Pumps convert
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Electrical energy is generally used to operate
the various types of pumps.   
Pumps serve two main purposes.
�  Transfer of fluid from one place to another place (e.g. water from a well/sump to a
water storage tank).
�   Circulate fluid around a system (e.g. cooling water or lubricants through
machines and equipment).
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

PUMPS

ROTO DYNAMIC PUMPS POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS RECIPROCATING PUMPS

Rotodynamic  Pumps
In rotodynamic pressure pump, during pumping action, tangential force is imparted
which accelerates the fluid normally by rotation of impeller. Some systems which
contain dynamic pump may require positive displacement pump for priming.  They
are normally used for moderate to high discharge rate. The pressure differential
range for this type of pumps is in a range of low to moderate. They are popularly
used in a system where low viscosity fluids are used.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP -INTRODUCTION
 It is a mechanical device which converts electrical
Energy/mechanical energy into pressure energy by
virtue of a centrifugal force.
 It works on the principle of forced vortex flow which
means that when a certain mass of fluid is rotated by an
external force/torque, the rise in pressure head of the
rotating fluid takes place.
 This rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating
fluid is proportional to the square of the tangential
velocity of the fluid at that point, ie., rise in pressure
head= (V2/2g) or (ω2 r 2 /2g).
 The flow is radial outward direction.
Main Parts of a Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal pump
consists of:
 Impeller
 Casing
 Suction pipe
 Delivery pipe
Impeller:
It is a wheel or rotor which is provided with a series of
backward curved blades or vanes. It is mounted on the
shaft which is coupled to an external source of energy
which imparts the liquid energy to the impeller there by
making it to rotate.

Open, Semi Enclosed and Enclosed Impeller.

Impellers are divided into 3 types,
1.Open Impeller
2.Semi enclosed Impeller
3.Enclosed Impeller
2. Casing
It is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller and is
designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the water
discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into
pressure energy before the water leaves the casing and
enters the delivery pipe.

Commonly three types of casing are

used in centrifugal pump,
1.Volute Casing
2.Vortex Casing
3.Casing with Guide Blades
In a volute casing, the impeller is The same basic principle applies to diffuser designs. 
In this case, the fluid pressure increases as fluid is
offset, effectively creating a curved expelled between a set of stationary vanes
funnel with an increasing cross- surrounding the impeller (Figure 3).  Diffuser designs
can be tailored for specific applications and can
sectional area towards the pump therefore be more efficient.  Volute cases are better
outlet.  This design causes the fluid suited to applications involving entrained solids or
high viscosity fluids when it is advantageous to avoid
pressure to increase towards the the added constrictions of diffuser vanes.  The
outlet (Figure 2). asymmetry of the volute design can result in greater
wear on the impeller and drive shaft.
3. Delivery Pipe
It is a pipe which is connected at its lower end to the
out let of the pump and it delivers the liquid to the
required height. Near the outlet of the pump on the
delivery pipe, a valve is provided which controls the
flow from the pump into delivery pipe.
4. Suction Pipe with Foot Valve and Strainer
suction pipe is connected with the inlet of the impeller
and the other end is dipped into the sump of water. At
the water end, it consists of foot value and strainer. The
foot valve is a one way valve that opens in the upward
direction. The strainer is used to filter the unwanted
particle present in the water to prevent the centrifugal
pump from blockage.
Working of Centrifugal Pump

 The first step in the operation of a centrifugal pump is priming.

 Priming is the operation in which suction pipe, casing of the
pump is to be filled with water/ fluid which is to be pumped so
that all the air present in the pump is driven out and no air is
left.
 Priming is necessary because the pressure
generated/developed at the centrifugal pump impeller is
directly proportional to density of fluid that is in contact with it.
 If air is present in the casing, the density of air is very less
and hence the pressure developed. Even though the pump is
running, there is no lifting of water/fluid.
 After the pump is primed the delivery valve is still kept
closed and electric motor is started to rotate the
impeller.
 The delivery valve is kept closed in order to reduce the
starting torque for the motor.
 The rotation of impeller in the casing full of liquid
produces a forced vortex which imparts a centrifugal
head to the liquid and thus results in an increase of
pressure throughout the liquid mass.
 The increase of pressure at any point is proportional to
the square of the angular velocity and the distance of
the point from the axis of rotation.
 Thus if the speed of the impeller of the pump is sufficiently
high, the pressure in the liquid surrounding the impeller is
considerable increased.
 As long as the delivery valve is closed and the impeller is
rotating, it just churns the liquid present in the casing.
 When the delivery valve is opened, the liquid is made to flow
in an outward radial direction there by leaving the vanes of
the impeller with high velocity and pressure.
 At the eye of the impeller due to the centrifugal action a partial
vacuum is created. This causes the liquid from the sump, which
is atmospheric pressure, to rush through the suction pipe to the
eye of the impeller thereby replacing the liquid which is being
discharged from the entire circumference of the impeller.
Work done by the centrifugal pump on water
In case of centrifugal pump, work is done by the
impeller on the water. Expression for the work done
by the impeller on the water is determined by drawing
the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of the
impeller. 
Here one is interested to find out the work done by
the impeller on the water. Energy interaction will take
place only in the rotor i.e. impeller of the centrifugal
pump.
Velocity triangles are drawn at the inlet and outlet
tips of the vanes fixed to an impeller. 
For best efficiency of the pump, water need to enter the impeller radially at inlet.
Therefore, absolute velocity of water at inlet will make an angle of 90 degree with the
direction of motion of the impeller at inlet. 
As discussed above that absolute velocity of water at inlet will make an angle of 90
degree with the direction of motion of the impeller at inlet, therefore angle α = 0 and
velocity of whirl at inlet Vw1 = 0. 
Let us assume the following data as mentioned here.
N = Speed of the impeller in R.P.M
D1 = Diameter of the impeller at inlet
u1 =Tangential Velocity of impeller at inlet
V1 = Absolute velocity of water at inlet  
Vr1 = Relative velocity of water at inlet 
α = Angle made by absolute velocity of water at inlet with the direction of motion of vane
θ = Angle made by relative velocity of water at inlet with the direction of motion of vane
D  = Diameter of the impeller at outlet
2

u2 =Tangential Velocity of impeller at outlet

V2 = Absolute velocity of water at outlet
Vr2 = Relative velocity of water at outlet
β = Angle made by absolute velocity of water at outlet with the direction of motion of vane
φ = Angle made by relative velocity of water at outlet with the direction of motion of vane 
Tangential velocity of water at inlet, u  = π D  N/60
1 1

Tangential velocity of water at outlet, u2 =   π D2 N/60

A centrifugal pump is the reverse of a radially inward flow reaction
turbine, therefore derivation of the equation for the work done by the
impeller on the water in case of a centrifugal pump is as follows:
Let R1 = Radius of the impeller at inlet
R1 = Radius of the impeller at outlet
ω = Angular speed of the wheel
Then u1 = ω R1 - Tangential Velocity of impeller at inlet and u2 = ω R2 - Tangential
Velocity of impeller at outlet

Mass of water striking per second for a series of vanes=

Mass of water coming out from the suction pipe= ρaV1  where V1= Absolute velocity of
water at inlet  and a is the area of the jet.
Momentum of water striking the vanes in the tangential direction per second at inlet=
Mass of water per second X component of V1 in the tangential direction
= ρaV1 X VW1 Component of V1 in tangential direction = V1 cosα = VW1
Similarly, Momentum of water at outlet/sec= ρaV1 X (-V2 cos β) = - ρaV1 X VW2
- Ve sign is taken as the velocity V2 at outlet is in opposite direction
Now angular momentum per second at inlet= Momentum at Inlet X Radius at Inlet
= ρaV1 X VW1 X R1
But VW1=0 ; α=90o
Similarly angular momentum per second at Outlet= Momentum at Outlet X Radius at
outlet
= - ρaV1 X VW2 X R2
Torque exerted by Impeller on water, T = Rate of change of angular momentum
=[Initial angular momentum – Final angular momentum]/sec
=ρaV1 X VW1 X R1 – (- ρaV1 X VW2 X R2) = ρaV1 [0+ VW2 X R2] = ρaV1 [VW2 X R2]
Work done by the Impeller on the wheel/sec = T X ω
= ρaV1 [VW2 X R2]X ω = ρaV1 [VW2 X U2]

Work done by the Impeller on the water per second per unit weight of water per second
= (Work done /sec) / Weight of water striking per sec
= ρaV1 [VW2 X U2] / ρQg = [VW2 X U2] / g
Work done by the Impeller on the water per second = (W/g)* VW2 X U2
W= Weight of water = ρgQ; Q = Volume of water/sec = Area* Velocity of flow
Heads & Efficiencies
Suction Head (hs)
Suction head is defined as the vertical distance
between the centre line of centrifugal pump and the
free surface of liquid (e.g. water) in the tank from which
liquid  is to be lifted. This vertical distance is also
termed as suction lift. 
The tank from which liquid need to be lifted will be
termed as sump. Suction head or suction lift will be
denoted by hs . Refer figure. 
Delivery Head (hd)
Delivery head is defined as the vertical distance
between the centre line of centrifugal pump and the
free surface of water in the tank to which water need to
be delivered. Delivery head is denoted by hd . 
Static head (HS)/ Total Head
Static head is defined as the sum of suction head and delivery head and it is denoted
HS. Mathematically the expression for static head is given as:
HS = hs + hd
Manometric head (Hm)
The Manometric head is defined as the head against which a centrifugal pump has to
work. Manometric head is denoted Hm. 
Manometric head = Head imparted by the impeller to the water – loss of head inside the
pump
Manometric head = (Vw2 u2)/g - loss of head inside the pump 
If there is no loss of head inside the pump, expression for Manometric head is given as: 
Manometric head = (Vw2 u2)/g 
Where, 
Vw2 = Velocity of whirl at outlet 
u2 = Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet 
g = Acceleration due to gravity 
Manometric head could be expressed by the following expression also as mentioned
here
Manometric Head = Total head at outlet of the pump – total head at the inlet of pump
H m = [(Po/ρg) + (Vo2/2g) + Z o] - [(Pi/ρg) + (Vi2/2g) + Z i ]

Where,
P0/ρg = Pressure head at the outlet of the pump i.e. hd
Vo2/2g = Velocity head at the outlet of the pump i.e. Vd2/2g
Z o = Vertical height of the outlet of the centrifugal pump from datum line i.e. Z d
Pi/ρg = Pressure head at the inlet of the pump i.e. h s
Vi 2/2g = Velocity head at the inlet of the pump i.e. Vs2/2g
Z i  = Vertical height of the inlet of the centrifugal pump from datum line i.e. Z s
Manometric head is also expressed by the following expression 
Manometric head = Suction head + Delivery Head + Frictional head loss in suction pipe
+ Frictional head loss in discharge pipe +  Velocity head in delivery pipe 
Manometric head = h s + h d + h fs + h fd  + Vd2/2g
Efficiencies of a centrifugal pump
Here the power is transmitted from electrical motor to centrifugal pump through a shaft.
Power is transmitted from electrical motor shaft to shaft of the centrifugal pump. Further
power is transferred from shaft of the centrifugal pump to impeller of the centrifugal
pump. Further, power is transferred from impeller to the water. 

Therefore during the power transmission, there will be some loss of power between
pump shaft to pump impeller and further between pump impeller to the water. 

Based on this, there are 3 types of efficiencies.

1.Manometric Efficiency, ηman
2.Mechanical Efficiency, ηm
3.Overall efficiency, ηo 
Manometric Efficiency, ηman
Manometric Efficiency is defined as the ratio of Manometric head to the head imparted
by impeller to the water. 
Manometric efficiency, ηman = Manometric Head / Head imparted by impeller to the water 

The power at the impeller of the pump will be more than the power given to the water at
outlet of the pump. Manometric efficiency is also defined as the power given to the water
at outlet of the pump to the power available at the impeller of the pump.

Manometric efficiency, ηman = Power given to the water at outlet of the pump / Power
available at the impeller of the pump 
Power given to water at outlet of the pump= (WH m/1000) kW
Power at the Impeller = (Work done by the Impeller per second/1000) kW

= (WH m/1000) / W*(Vw2 U2/g)/1000

= (gH ) / (V U ); W – weight of water to be lifted.

Mechanical efficiency
Power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump is more than the power available at the
impeller. 

Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of power available at the impeller to the
power available at the shaft of the centrifugal pump. 

Mechanical efficiency, η mech = Power available at the impeller of the pump/ Power
available at the shaft of the centrifugal pump  
=(W*(Vw2 U2/g)/1000)/ S.P

S.P: Power at the Shaft

Overall efficiency
Overall efficiency is defined as the ratio of power output of the pump to the power input
to the pump. 

Power output of the pump in KW = Weight of water lifted (W) x Hm /1000 

Power input to the pump = Power supplied by the electric motor = S.P. 
EXPRESSION FOR MINIMUM STARTING SPEED OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Centrifugal pump will discharge water only if the pressure rise in the
pump is more than or equal to the Manometric head. If the pressure
rise in the pump is less than the Manometric head, centrifugal pump
will not deliver the water. 

While the impeller is rotating and water, which will be in contact with
impeller, is also rotating. This is the case of forced vortex. 

In case of forced vortex, the centrifugal head or head developed due

to pressure rise in the pump impeller .
Centrifugal pump will start deliver the water only if
Equation for minimum speed for starting a
centrifugal pump. 
PUMPS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
When two or more impellers are mounted on the same shaft or on different
shaft in a centrifugal pump, then it is called multistage centrifugal pumps.
The function of a multistage centrifugal pump is two types.

   1) To produce a high head

   2)To discharge a large quantity of liquid

When impeller is connected in series with the same shaft of a centrifugal

pump, it produces a high head
To discharge a large quantity of liquid, impeller should be connected in
parallel.
Multistage centrifugal pumps for high heads :
To develop this type of centrifugal pumps, a number of impellers are mounted in series or
on the same shaft, see the following diagram.
In the figure, water enters the casing from the suction
pipe and enters the first impeller. After that water is
discharged at outlet with increased pressure. The water
with increased pressure from the outlet of the first
impeller is taken to the inlet of the second impeller with
the help of a connecting pipe. Now the pressure of the
water is more then the pressure of the water at the
outlet of the first impeller. Hence, more the number of
impellers on the shaft, more the pressure of the water
at the outlet.
Now, Let, n = No. of identical impellers mounted on the
same shaft,
Hm = Head develop by each impeller
So, total head developed = n × Hm
The discharge passing through each impeller is same.
Multistage centrifugal pumps for high discharge :
To get high discharge multistage centrifugal
pump, the pump should be connected in
parallel to the shaft. In the above picture we
can see two pumps are connected in parallel
position with a common pipe. Now each of the
pump lift the water from a common sump and
discharge water through a common pipe which
is connected to both pumps.
Let, n = No. of identical pumps arranged in
parallel,
Q = Discharge from one pump.

So, Total discharge, = n × Q

SPECIFIC SPEED OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a geometrically
similar pump which would deliver 1cu.m of water per second against a head of one
meter. It is denoted by ‘Ns’.
EXPRESSION FOR SPECIFIC SPEED FOR A PUMP

The discharge, Q for a centrifugal pump is given by the relation Q= Area * Velocity of flow
Q= πDBV f
Q
Where D= Diameter of the impeller of the pump
B= Width of the impeller
We know that 𝐵∝ 𝐷
From equation (i), we have
Q
We also know that the tangential velocity is given by
U=

Now the tangential velocity and velocity of flow are related to the Manometric head (H m) as
----------------(iv)
Substituting the value of ‘U’ in equation (iii), we get /N)
 Substituting the values of ‘D’ in equation (ii),

/N2

/N2 ---------------------(v)
Where K is the constant of Proportionality
If H m = 1 and Q= 1 cum/sec, then N = Ns
Substituting these values in equation (v), we get
/Ns2
Ns2
Substituting the value of K in equation (v), we get
/N2
Ns2  =Q N2  / ( 𝐻 𝑚3/2 )

Ns = √𝑄  N  / ( 𝐻 𝑚3/4 )
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
These are required to predict the performance & behaviour of pump working under
different head, flow rate & speed.
Following are the important curves:
a)Main characteristic curve.
b)Operating characteristic curve.
c)Muschel or constant efficiency curve.

MAIN CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

The pump is usually designed to run at the same speed as the driving unit (i.e., prime
mover), which is generally an electric motor of the AC induction type. When the
electric power is not available, the pump may be driven by a diesel engine, or may be
coupled to the tractor engine. In such circumstances, it is necessary to know the
performance of a pump at different speeds, which can be best seen from the main
characteristic curves of a pump.
The main characteristic curves of a centrifugal
pump consists of variation of Manometric head
(Hm), shaft power (SP) and discharge (Q) with
respect to Speed.
For plotting the curves of Hm vs N, Discharge is kept
constant;
For plotting the curves of Q vs N, Manometric
head is kept constant.
For plotting the curves of Power vs Speed,
Manometric head and discharge are kept constant.
Fig. Shows the main characteristics of a pump.
Clearly, these curves are useful in indicating the
performance of a pump at different speeds.
OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
During operation of a pump, the pump must run constantly
with the speed of the prime mover; this constant speed is
usually the design speed. The set of main characteristics
curves which corresponds to the design speed is mostly used
in pump operation, and hence such curves are known as the
operating characteristics curves. A typical set of such
characteristics of a centrifugal pump is shown in Fig., which
consists of four curves at a constant speed viz., head versus
discharge (Hm vs Q) curve, efficiency versus discharge (ho vs
Q) curve, power versus discharge (BP or SP vs Q) curve, and
net positive suction head required versus discharge (NPSHR
vs Q) curve. From these characteristic curves, it is possible to
determine whether the pump will handle the necessary
quantity of liquid against the desired head and what will
happen if the head is increased or decreased. In addition,
these characteristic curves illustrate what size motor will be
required to operate the pump at the required conditions and
whether or not the motor will be overloaded under any other
operating conditions.
CONSTANT EFFICIENCY CURVES
The constant efficiency curves or Muschel curves
(Fig.) help to determine the range of pump operation
for a particular efficiency. For obtaining the constant
efficiency curves, head vs. discharge curves and
efficiency vs discharge curves for different speeds
are used. Fig. shows the head vs. discharge and
efficiency vs. discharge curves. By combining these
curves, constant efficiency curves are obtained.

For plotting the constant efficiency curves, horizontal

lines representing constant efficiencies are drawn on
the discharge vs. efficiency curves. The points at
which these lines cut the efficiency curves at various
speeds are transferred to the corresponding
Discharge vs. head curves. The points having the
same efficiency are then joined by smooth curves.
These smooth curves are called Muschel curves.
CAVITATION
 Cavitation is one of the disadvantages of the centrifugal pump.
 It can occur in centrifugal pumps where a sudden pressure reduction occurs.
 In a centrifugal pump, cavitation is most likely to happen at the suction [inlet] of
the pump where the pressure is at its lowest value.
 The vapour bubbles formed pass along the impeller to the discharge side of the
pump replacing liquid and reducing the output of the pump.
 Once the bubbles reach the discharge side, greater pressure there causes the
bubbles to collapse and burst.
 This collapse produces forces so large that small pieces of metal can be
physically knocked out of the impeller or case leaving small holes [cavities ñ
hence the name!].
 The bubbles can also cause the impeller to run out of balance creating
excessive vibration.
 Three signs that cavitation is occurring in a pump are a distinctive crackling
noise due to the collapse of the bubbles; excessive vibration; reduced output.
 Cavitation can often be reduced by partly closing the discharge
valve, which increases the internal pressure in the pump and thus
helps prevent the formation of vapor bubbles.

 A more permanent solution is to redesign the system so that the

pump will operate under conditions that less favourable to the
formation of bubbles.

 The simplest way of achieving this is to place the pump at a lower

level so that there is a positive pressure on the suction due to the
height of liquid in the suction line [pressure in a liquid increases
with the depth of liquid].
The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 200mm
and 400mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angles of the
impeller at inlet and outlet are 20o and 30o respectively. The water enters the impeller
radially and the velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by the impeller
per unit weight of water.
Solution:
Given: Internal diameter of the impeller,
D1= 200mm= 0.2m
External diameter of the impeller, D2= 400mm=0.4m
Speed, N= 1200 rpm
Vane angle at inlet, θ= 20o
Vane angle at outlet, φ= 30o
Water enters radially means, α= 90o and = 0
Velocity of flow,=
Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet and outlet are
u1= D1N / 60 = *0.2*1200 / 60 = 12.56m/s
u2= D2N / 60 = *0.4*1200 / 60 = 25.13m/s
Consider the inlet velocity triangle.
From the inlet velocity triangle, tan θ = / = /
tan 20o * = ;
= 4.57m/s
= = 4.57m/s
From the outlet velocity triangle, tan φ= / - )
tan 30o = / - )
= 17.215m/s
Work done by the impeller per kg of water is given by = /g
= /g = 17.215*25.13/9.81 = 44.1 Nm/s
A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.118 cum/s at a speed of 1450rpm against a head
of 25m. The impeller diameter is 250mm, its width at outlet is 50mm and Manometric
efficiency is 75%. Determine the vane angle at the outer periphery of the impeller.
Given:
Discharge, Q= 0.118cum/s
Speed, N= 1450rpm
Head, H m= 25m
Diameter at outlet, D2= 250mm= 0.25m
Width at outlet, B2= 50mm= 0.05m
Manometric Efficiency, η man = 0.75
Let the Vane angle at outlet= φ
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet,
u2= D2N / 60 = *0.25*1450 / 60 = 18.98m/s
Discharge, Q= B2D2* Vf2
Vf2= Q B2D2 = 0 *0.25*0.05 = 3m/s
 η man = g H m/ u2 = 9.81*25/ *18.98

= (9.81*25)/ (0.75*18.98) = 17.23m/s

From the outlet velocity triangle, tan φ= / - )
tan φ = / - ) = 1.7143
φ= tan-1 1.7143 = 59.74o
A centrifugal pump delivers water against a head of 14.5m and a design speed of
1000rpm. The vanes are curved back to an angle of 30o with the periphery. The
impeller diameter is 300mm and outlet width is 50mm. Determine the discharge of the
pump if Manometric efficiency is 95%.
Given:
Head, H m= 14.5m
Speed, N= 1000rpm
Vane angle at outlet, φ = 30o
Discharge, Q= 0.118cum/s
Diameter of the Impeller at outlet, D2= 300mm= 0.3m
Width at outlet, B2= 50mm= 0.05m
Manometric Efficiency, η man = 0.95
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, u2= D2N / 60
= *0.30*1000 / 60 = 15.70m/s
Now η man = g H m/ u2
0.95 = 9.81*14.5/ *15.70
= 9.54m/s
From the outlet velocity triangle, tan φ= / - )
tan 30 =/ - ) = /
= 6.16*tan 30 = 3.556m/s

Discharge, Q= B2D2* Vf2

Q= *0.3*0.05*3.556 = 0.1675m3/s
A Centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and
running at 1000rpm works against a total head of 40m. The velocity of flow through
the impeller is constant and is equal to 2.5m/s. The vanes are set back at an angle of
40o at outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500mm and width at outlet is
50mm, determine:
 Vane angle at inlet
 Work done by impeller on water per second
 Manometric efficiency.
Given:
Speed, N= 1000rpm
Head, H m= 40m
Velocity of flow,= = 2.5m/s
Vane angle at outlet, φ = 30o
Diameter of the Impeller at outlet, D2= 500mm= 0.5m
Diameter of the Impeller at inlet, D1= D2 /2 = 250mm= 0.25m
Width at outlet, B2= 50mm= 0.05m
Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet, u1= D1N / 60
= *0.25*1000 / 60 = 13.09m/s
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, u2= D2N / 60
= *0.50*1000 / 60 = 26.18m/s
Discharge, Q= B2D2* Vf2
Q= *0.5*0.05*2.5 = 0.1963m3/s

1. Vane angle at Inlet (θ):

From the inlet velocity triangle, tan θ = /
tan θ = /
θ =tan-1 0.191 = 10.81o
2. Work done by impeller on water per second =
( /g = ( = 1000*0.1963* (*26.18
= = 4.57m/s
From the outlet velocity triangle, tan φ= / - )
tan 40o = / - )
= 2.5/ tan 40o
= 26.18-2.979 = 23.2m/s
 Now η man = g H m/ u2
0.95 = 9.81*14.5/ *15.70
= 9.54m/s
Substituting the value of in equation (1), we have

Work done by impeller on water per second = ( /g = (

= 1000*0.1963* (*26.18
= 119227.9Nm/s
Manometric Efficiency, η man = g H m/ u2 = 9.81*40/ *26.18
η man =0.646 = 64.6%
A centrifugal pump discharges 0.15cum/s of water against a head of 12.5m, speed of
the impeller being 600 rpm. The outer and inner diameters of the impeller are 500 and
250mm respectively and the vanes are bent back at 35o to the tangent at exit. If the
area of flow remains 0.07m2 from the inlet to outlet, calculate:
1. Manometric efficiency of pump
2. Vane angle at inlet
3. Loss of head at inlet to impeller when the discharge is reduced to 40% without
changing the speed.

Given:
Discharge, Q= 0.15cum/s
Head, H m= 12.5m
Speed, N= 600rpm
Diameter of the Impeller at outlet, D2= 500mm= 0.5m
Diameter of the Impeller at inlet, D1= 250mm= 0.25m
Vane angle at outlet, φ = 35o
Velocity of flow,=
Area of flow=0.07m2
Discharge= Area of flow * Velocity of flow
0.15 = 0.07*Velocity of flow
Velocity of flow = 0.15/0.07 = 2.14m/s
Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet, u1= D1N / 60
= *0.25*600 / 60 = 7.85m/s
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, u2= D2N / 60
= *0.50*600 / 60 = 15.70m/s
From the outlet velocity triangle, tan φ= / - )
= – ( /tan φ)
= – ( /tan 35)
= 12.64m/s
1. Manometric Efficiency of the pump:
Manometric Efficiency, η man = g H m/ u2 = 9.81*12.5/ *15.70
η man =0.618 = 61.8%
2. Vane angle at Inlet (θ):
From the inlet velocity triangle, tanθ = /
tanθ = / = 2.14/7.85 = 0.272
θ =tan-1 0.272 = 15.12o

3. Loss of head at inlet to impeller when discharge is reduced by 40% without changing
the speed
When there is an increase or decrease in the discharge from the normal , a loss of head
occurs at entry due to shock. In this case, discharge is reduced by 40%.
Hence the new discharge is given by Q* = 0.6*Q = 0.15*0.6.
AS the area of flow is constant, new velocity of
flow is given by = Q*/Area of flow = 0.15*0.6/0.07
= 1.284m/s
Fig. shows the velocity triangle at inlet corresponding to
normal discharge and reduced discharge. ABC is the
velocity triangle due to the normal discharge. Triangle
BDE is corresponding to the reduced discharge,
BD = 1.284m/s and DE is parallel to AC.
There will be a sudden change in the tangential velocity from AB to BE. Hence due to the shock, there will
be loss of head at inlet.
Head lost at inlet = (Change in tangential velocity at inlet)2/2g
= (AB-BE)2/2g = (u1-(V*f1/tanθ)2 /2g = (7.85-(1.284/tan15.2)2 /2g = 0.5m
The outer diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump is 400mm and outlet width is
50mm. The pump is running at 800 rpm and is working against a head of 15m. The vane
angle at outlet is 40o and Manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine:
1. Velocity of flow at outlet
2. Velocity of flow leaving the vane
3. Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with the direction of motion at outlet
4. Discharge.

Given:
Diameter of the Impeller at outlet, D2= 400mm= 0.4m
Width at outlet, B2= 50mm=0.05m
Speed, N= 800rpm
Head, H m= 15.0m
Vane angle at outlet, φ = 40o
Velocity of flow,=
Manometric Efficiency, η man =75%
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, u2= D2N / 60
= *0.40*800 / 60 = 16.75m/s
Manometric Efficiency, η man = g H m/ u2
0.75 = 9.81*15.0/*16.75
=11.71m/s
From the outlet velocity triangle, tan φ= / - )
tan 40= / - ) = /)
= 4.23m/s
2. Velocity of water leaving the vane (V2):
V2 = + = +
+
= 12.45m/s
3. Angle made by absolute velocity at outlet (β):
tan β= /
= /
β= tan-1 0.36 = 19.80
4. Discharge through the pump, Q= B2D2* Vf2
Q= *0.4*0.05*4.23 = 0.265m3/s
The diameters of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 30 and 60cm
respectively. Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if it works against a
head of 30m.
Given:
Diameter of the impeller at inlet, D1= 30cm=0.3m
Diameter of the impeller at outlet, D2= 60cm=0.6m
Head, Hm= 30m
Let the minimum starting speed= N
For minimum starting speed,
(u22/2g) – (u12/2g) = Hm

Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, u2= D2N / 60

= *0.60*N / 60 = 0.03141N
Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet, u1= D1N / 60
= *0.30*N / 60 = 0.0157N
((0.0314N)2/2g) – ((0.0157N)2/2g) = 30
(0.0314N)2– (0.0157N)2 = 30*2*9.81
2 2 2 2
A three stage centrifugal pump has impellers 40cm in diameter and 2 cm wide at outlet.
The vanes are curved back at an angle 45o at outlet and reduce the circumferential
area by 10%. The Manometric efficiency is 90% and overall efficiency is 80%.
Determine the head generated by the pump when running at 1000rpm delivering
50litres per second. What should be the shaft horse power?

Given:
Number of stages: 3
Diameter of the Impeller at outlet, D2= 400mm= 0.4m
Width at outlet, B2= 20mm=0.02m
Vane angle at outlet, φ = 45o
Reduction in the area at outlet=10%=0.1
Speed, N= 1000rpm
Manometric Efficiency, η man =90%
Overall Efficiency, η over =80%
Area of flow at outlet=0.9* B2D2 = 0.9* *0.02*o.4 = 0.02262m2
Velocity of flow,=
Discharge, Q= 50litres/s = 50/1000 m3/s = 0.05 m3/s
1. Head generated by the pump:
Velocity of flow at outlet, = Discharge/Area of flow = 0.05/0.2262 = 2.21m/s
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet, u2= D2N / 60
= *0.40*1000 / 60 = 20.94m/s
From the outlet velocity triangle, tan φ= / - )
- ) = / tan φ =/ tan 45 =2.21m/s
= – 2.21 = 20.94-2.21 = 18.73m/s
Now Manometric Efficiency, η man = g H m/ u2
0.90 = 9.81* H m /*20.94
H m = 0.90**20.94/9.81 = 35.98m
Total head generated by pump = n* H m = 3*35.98 = 107.94m
kW
=ρgQ*107.94/1000 = 1000*9.81*0.05*107.94/1000 = 52.94kW
Overall efficiency, η over = Power output of the pump/ Power input of the pump
Overall efficiency, η over = 52.94/Shaft Power (S.P)
S.P= 52.94/0.8 = 66.175kW
Thank you