Biodiversity and Evolution

GRADE 9- SCIENCE
BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION

Biodiversity
What do you think
biodiversity means?
Biodiversity
What does “Bio” mean?
Bio =
Biodiversity
What does “Diversity” mean?
Diversity = Variety
Which do you like better?
Sugar cane
A B
 “The variety of life in all its
forms, levels and combinations”
 Includes:
species diversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity
Scientists have identified more than
2 million species. Tens of millions --
remain unknown
The tremendous variety of life on
Earth is made possible by complex
interactions among all living things.
There are 3 components of
biodiversity :
Species Diversity
pertains to the variety, as well as relative
abundance of species within a region
Hoary Bat Kahuli

Iwi
Genetic Diversity
Chihuahuas, Greyhound and Newfies are
all dogs—but they're not the same
because their genes are different.
Chihuahua Greyhound Newfoundland

Ecosystem Diversity
Each one is different, with its own set of
species living in it.
Desert Tropical Rain Forest taiga

Biodiversity has Intrinsic Value
Intrinsic Value
= Something
that has value
in and of itself
Source: Burmbaugh © AMNH-CBC

Biodiversity also has Utilitarian
Value
Utilitarian Value = the value something has as a means to
another’s end.
Utilitarian values include:

• Goods
• Services
• Information
What do we get from
biodiversity?
 Oxygen
 Food
 Clean Water
 Medicine
 Aesthetics
 Ideas
Medicinal Benefits of Plants
Should we be concerned about
biodiversity?
What we know:
The Earth is losing species at an alarming rate
 Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are
going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year. when

species of plants and animals go extinct, many other species are
affected .
Threats to biodiversity
H.I.P.P.O
Habitat Loss
Introduced Species
Pollution
Population Growth
Over-consumption
Biodiversity Loss
Extinction of Species
Loss of Specific Habitats
Loss of Genetic Variations
Within Species
Extinction of Species
is the number one cause of

biodiversity loss
may be brought about by
natural causes and man-made
(anthropogenic) activities
Loss of Specific Habitats
Scientist take into account the size of

the area and the number of species a
habitat can accommodate
Substantial portions of wetlands were
lost in various parts of the world
Loss of Genetic Variations
within Species
Genetic variation plays an

important role in the survival
and ability of the species to
adapt to changing environments
Man-made causes of extinction
1. Habitat Destruction
Considered as the number one cause of mass
species extinctions caused by human
activities
Habitats are being lost as human population
size and resource consumption increase
Deforestation Leads to Excessive
Water Loss
2. Commercial
Hunting/Harvesting
 Considered as the second cause of the
mass extinction of plant and animal
species
 Happen due to various socio-economic
factors and man’s insatiable greed for
profit and material things.
Examples
Snakes and crocodiles as sources of

skin used in making bags and shoes
Cheetahs, tigers, and jaguars as
sources of coat furs
Passenger pigeon became extinct when
used as sport’s target
Confiscated Products Made from
Endangered Species
3. Pollution
Oil spills in coastal areas where oil
is being drilled or transported can
cause the extinction of plant and
animal species that are endemic in
the affected geographic area
Extinction and Adaptation
Extinction- termination of a
species lineage
Adaptation- ability of the
organisms to respond to changes
in the environment
Endangered
Species
Assessment:
Identification
Directions: Identify the word being described on the space provided.
__________ 1. It is a term used to describe the variety of life found on
Earth and all of the natural processes.
__________ 2. Level of biodiversity with different kinds of organisms.
__________ 3. it pertains to the variation of genes within a species.
__________ 4. is the variation among groups of organisms in different
physical settings
True or False
1. The loss of forest, wetlands, grasslands, and other

habitats contributes to the loss of biodiversity
2. All habitats have the same number of species
3. Coral reefs are considered as a rich in biodiversity
4. Adaptation is a termination of a species lineage
5. Extinction is the ability of the organisms to respond
to changes in the environment
Simpson’s Diversity Index
Simpson’s diversity index calculates a

diversity score for a community. It is based
on both the number of different species in
the community, and the number of
individuals present for each of those
species. The higher the score, the more
diverse the community is considered to be.
Simpson’s Diversity Index
 To calculate Simpson’s diversity index use the

equation below:
Simpson Diversity Index
(D) = 1 - ∑n(n-1)/N(N-1)
∑ = sum of (total)
n = the number of individuals of each different species
N = the total number of individuals of all the species
Simpson’s diversity index cannot
be negative. If it is, check your
calculations for arithmetic errors.
Area A
Species No. of individuals (n)
Coral Reefs 20
Garden 20
Grassland 20
Park 20
Rainforest 20
N = 100
Area B
Species No. of individuals (n)
Coral Reefs 92
Garden 2
Grassland 2
Park 2
Rainforest 2
N= 100

Numbers of individuals
Flower Species Sample 1 Sample 2
Daisy 300 20
Dandelion 335 49
Buttercup 365 931
Total 1000 1000

Community A Community B
Species 1
Species 1 30 35
Species 2
78
Species 2 35
Species 3
30
Species 3 29 Species 4
12
Quiz
Species 1 45
Species 2 47
Species 3 40
Species 4 42
Species 5 43
Species
Number (n) n(n-1)
Sea holly 2 2
Sand couch 8 56
Sea bindweed 1 0
Sporobolus pungens 1 0
Echinophora spinosa 3 6
Total
15 64
N = 15 n(n-1) = 64
Species Number (n) n(n-1)
Bat star 3
Sunflower 1
star
Pacific sea 12
star
Giant green 18
anemones
Plumose 4
anemone
Hermit crab 5
Gumboot 2
chiton
Keyhole 15
limpet
TOTAL N= n(n-1)

=

Population density
is based on the relationship between

the needs of individual species and a
complex mix of limiting factors.
Differences might point to potential
problems such as pollutants or
disease.
FORMULA
population density = population ÷ area

- the answer is always expressed as people
per km2 or people/km2
Sample Problem
 One thousand two hundred and seventy deer

are living on an island that is eight hundred
and thirty square kilometers in size. What is
the population density of the deer per square
kilometer?
Sample Problem
 At the end of 2002, there were 1,284.53 million people living in China.
China is the third largest country in the world with an area of 9.6 million
square kilometers. What is the population density of China?
GROUP
ACTIVITY
Sample Problem
In 2000, there were 30,750,087

people living in Canada, which
has a total area of 9,984,670 km
2
. What was the population
density of Canada?

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GRADE 9- SCIENCE

BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION

What does “Diversity” mean?

Hoary Bat Kahuli

Chihuahua Greyhound Newfoundland

Desert Tropical Rain Forest taiga

Source: Burmbaugh © AMNH-CBC

Utilitarian values include:

 Some scientists estimate that as many as 3 species per hour are

going extinct and 20,000 extinctions occur each year. when

is the number one cause of

Scientist take into account the size of

Genetic variation plays an

Snakes and crocodiles as sources of

1. The loss of forest, wetlands, grasslands, and other

Simpson’s diversity index calculates a

 To calculate Simpson’s diversity index use the

Flower Species Sample 1 Sample 2

Buttercup 365 931

Total 1000 1000

is based on the relationship between

population density = population ÷ area

 One thousand two hundred and seventy deer

In 2000, there were 30,750,087

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