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Methods of Probability Sampling

This document discusses various probability sampling methods including simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. It defines key terms like population, sample, parameter, and statistic. It provides examples of calculating the sample mean and standard deviation from data sets. Sampling error is introduced as the difference between a sample statistic and population parameter, and that increasing sample size is the best way to reduce sampling error.

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Sree Lakshya
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32 views

Methods of Probability Sampling

This document discusses various probability sampling methods including simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. It defines key terms like population, sample, parameter, and statistic. It provides examples of calculating the sample mean and standard deviation from data sets. Sampling error is introduced as the difference between a sample statistic and population parameter, and that increasing sample size is the best way to reduce sampling error.

Uploaded by

Sree Lakshya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Methods of Probability

sampling
Simple random sampling

• In a simple random sample, every member of the


population has an equal chance of being
selected. 
• Tools used for simple random sampling
Random number generator
Pre requisites of Simple Random Sampling
• A complete list of every member of the population.
• Contact or access each member of the population if they are selected.
• Time and resources to collect data from the necessary sample size.
Systematic sampling

•Every member of the population is listed


with a number, but instead of randomly
generating numbers, individuals are
chosen at regular intervals.
• Eg:All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order.
From the first 10 numbers, you randomly select a starting point:
number 6. From number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list is
selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a sample of
100 people.
Stratified sampling

• Dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in


important ways.
• It allows the researcher to draw more precise conclusions by
ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the
sample.
Cluster sampling

• Dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should


have similar characteristics to the whole sample.
• Eg: The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all with
roughly the same number of employees in similar roles).
• For the researcher it would be very difficult to travel to every office
for collecting the data.
• Use random sampling to select 3 offices and these acts as clusters
under study.
Population vs sample

In research, a population is the entire group that you’re interested in


studying. 
A sample is a smaller group taken from the population
Parameter vs Statistic

A parameter is a value that describes a characteristic of an entire


population, such as the population mean.

The population mean and standard deviation are two common


parameters.
In statistics, Greek symbols usually represent population parameters,
such as μ (mu) for the mean and σ (sigma) for the standard deviation.
• A statistic is a characteristic of a sample.
• If you collect a sample and calculate the mean and standard deviation,
these are sample statistics.
• The following GPA score of 30 High School students. Find the
sample mean and standard deviation.
• 3.1, 2.9, 2.8, 2.9, 3.8, 4.8, 4.2, 3.9, 3.4, 2.5, 4.2, 3.7, 3.3, 2.1,
3.8, 3.0, 3.7, 4.0, 2.7, 3.8, 3.2, 3.5, 3.5, 3.6, 2.2, 3.1, 3.5, 4.0,
2.7, 4.5.
• Consider the following three data sets A, B and C.
A = {9,10,11,7,13}
B = {10,10,10,10,10}
C = {1,1,10,19,19}
a) Calculate the mean of each data set.
b) Calculate the standard deviation of each data set.
c) Which set has the largest standard deviation?
Sampling Error
• Sampling error is the difference between a statistic and
parameter (i.e., the difference between the sample and the
population).
• The best way to reduce sampling error is to increase the
sample size.

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