Lesson

1 Random Sampling

What’s In

If a researcher wants to observe, examine or test a theory or hypothesis, he

will consider the problem by selecting a section of the population of the study using
a method called random sampling. In random sampling, all subjects in the
population listed in the study have the same chances of being chosen for the
survey. This means that, ultimately, each member of the sample retains
characteristics, or impartial characteristics, of the population. With random
sampling, the conclusions of the post-hypothesis tests applied to the sample
selection will apply to the entire population as well. This is due to the fact that the
selection of the sample essentially represents the characteristics of the population
from which it is obtained, since each member of the sample was drawn unbiased
from the population data. When bias in sample selection is avoided, the results of a
particular study are considered more conclusive and the error is minimized.

What’s New

Analyze the following study.

1. Mrs. Dela Cruz wants to get the analysis on her pre-test in Statistics and
probability of grade 11 students in ABC high school with 150 students in the
subject. Should she get the scores of one class only?

Analysis

Mrs. Dela Cruz class is not that big, it is much better if she will get the scores
of her entire class to have an analysis.

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 What is It

The population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In

research, the population does not always refer to people. It may mean a group
containing elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events,
organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.

A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or

by non-random sampling. A sample is a representation of the population where it is
hoped that valid conclusions will be drawn from the population.

Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population,

which is the subject of an investigation or experiment, where each point of the
sample has an equal chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling
technique.

Types of Random Sampling Techniques

1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of the

population has an equal chance of being selected. An instance of this is when
members of the population have their names represented by small pieces of paper
that are then randomly mixed together and picked out. In the sample, the members
selected will be included.

2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which members of the

population are listed and samples are selected at intervals called sample intervals.
In this technique, every nth item in the list will be selected from a randomly
selected starting point. For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample from a
population of 6,000, we can select every 3rd person in the list. In practice, the
numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly to act as the starting point.

3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which members of

the population are grouped on the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is
used when there are a number of distinct subgroups in the population within
which full representation is required. The sample is constructed by classifying the

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population into subpopulations or strata on the basis of certain characteristics of
the population, such as age, gender or socio-economic status. The selection of
elements is then done separately from within each stratum, usually by random or
systematic sampling methods.

Example:
Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400
students from the population which are grouped according to the
cities they come from. The table shows the number of students per
city.

City Population (N)

12,000
A
10,000
B
4,000
C
2,000
D

Solution:

To determine the number of students to be taken as sample from each city,

we divide the number of students per city by total population (N= 28,000)
multiply the result by the total sample size (n= 400).

City Population (N) Sample (n)

A 12,000 12,000 x (400)= 171
28,000
B 10,000 10,000 x (400)= 143
28,000
C 4,000 4,000 x (400)= 57
28,000
D 2,000 2,000 x (400)= 29
28,000

4. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on a

geographical basis. Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels before
going down to lower levels. For example, samples are taken randomly from the
provinces first, followed by cities, municipalities or barangays, and then from
households.

5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different sampling techniques. For

example, when selecting respondents for a national election survey, we can use the
lottery method first for regions and cities. We can then use stratified sampling to
determine the number of respondents from selected areas and clusters.

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Lesson
Parameter and Statistic
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What’s In

In this course, the parameters and statistics are closely related terms that
are important for the determination of the sample size. Many have trouble
understanding the difference between the parameter and the statistic, but it's
important to know exactly what these measures mean and how to distinguish
them.

What’s New

Study the cases below. Identify which of the cases involves measures from a
population and a sample.

1. A researcher randomly selected a sample of 1000 people in Barangay, 143 and

asked if they used a certain coffee product and 40% of them said yes.
2. A researcher interviewed all the students in a certain school to identify their
insights about their favorite shoe brand.

Analysis: In the first case the researcher measures for a sample. Only 40% out of
100 said yes. While in the second case the researcher measures the population
because the researcher interviewed all the students of that school.

What is It

A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a measure of the

characteristics of the entire population (a mass of all the units under consideration that
share common characteristics) based on all the elements within that population.

Example:

1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all

elements in a shopping cart, and all students in a classroom.

2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their

favorite apparel brand.
Statistic is the number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and
observed directly. The statistic is a characteristic of a population or sample group.
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You will get the sample statistic when you collect the sample and calculate the
standard deviation and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw certain
conclusions about the entire population.

Example:

1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care
proposal. Researchers can’t ask hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so
they take samples or part of the population and calculate the rest.

2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.

What’s More
Give 5 examples of parameter and 5 examples of statistic. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

What I Can Do

In conducting a research, which measure are you going to use? Parameter or

statistic? Why?

Lesson Sampling Distribution of the

3 Sample Means

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned the concept about the parameter
and statistic. In this lesson we will study a form of probability distribution which is
known as the sampling distribution.

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 What’s New

A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12. Consider

samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

sample mean
2,3 2.5

What is It

A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10 and 12. Consider

samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

To answer this, use the formula NCn (the number of N objects taken n at a
time), where N is the total population and n is the sample to be taken out of the
population,

In this case N= 5 and n= 2

5C2 = 10

So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.

sample Sample mean

2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3
2, 6 4
2, 10 6
2, 12 7
3, 10 6.5
3, 6 4.5
3, 12 7.5
6, 10 8
6, 12 9

Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based
on the sample drawn from a population is expected to assume different values for
samples.
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C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This
probability distribution is called the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample mean Probability

2.5 1
Or 0.1
10
3 1
Or 0.1
10
4 1
Or 0.1
10
4.5 1
Or 0.1
10
6 1
Or 0.1
10
6.5
1/10 or 0.1
7
1/10 or 0.1
7.5
1/10 or 0.1
8
1/10 or 0.1
9
1/10 or 0.1

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Observe that all sample means appeared only one; thus, their probability is P(x)=
10
or 0.1

A sampling distribution of sample mean is a frequency distribution using

the means computed from all possible random samples of a specific size
taken from a population.

Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean for the set of data below.

86 88 90 95 98

Consider a sample size of 3 that can be drawn from a population.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

To answer this, use the formula NCn, where N is the total population and n
is the sample to be taken out of the population,

In this case N= 5 and n= 3

5C3 = 10
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 So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.

sample Sample mean

86, 88, 90 88
86, 90, 95 90
86, 90, 98 91
86, 90, 95 90
86, 90, 98 91
86, 95, 98 93
88, 90, 95 91
88, 90, 98 92
88, 95, 98 94
90, 95, 98 94

C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This
probability distribution is called, the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample mean Probability

88 1 or 0.1
10
90 2 or 0.2
10
91 3 or 0.3
10
92 1 or 0.1
10
93 1 or 0.1
10
94 2 or 0.2
10

Observe that 88, 92 and 93 appeared only once; thus their probability is P(x)= 1 or
10
2
0.1. Since 90 and 94 appeared twice, their probability is P(x)= or 0.2. While 91
10
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appeared thrice, their probability is P(x)= or 0
10