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Sampling

Statistical inference allows obtaining information about a population from a sample. A population is the set of all elements of interest, while a sample is a subset of the population. There are different sampling methods, including simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling. The sampling distribution of the sample mean follows a normal distribution when the sample size is large, allowing probabilities about the sample mean to be calculated using the central limit theorem.

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Debashish Dutta
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42 views

Sampling

Statistical inference allows obtaining information about a population from a sample. A population is the set of all elements of interest, while a sample is a subset of the population. There are different sampling methods, including simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling. The sampling distribution of the sample mean follows a normal distribution when the sample size is large, allowing probabilities about the sample mean to be calculated using the central limit theorem.

Uploaded by

Debashish Dutta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistical Inference

The purpose of statistical inference is to obtain


information about a population from information
contained in a sample.
A population is the set of all the elements of
interest.
A sample is a subset of the population.
The sample results provide only estimates of the
values of the population characteristics.
A parameter is a numerical characteristic of a
population.
With proper sampling methods, the sample results
will provide good estimates of the population
characteristics.

Simple Random Sampling


A simple random sample from a finite
population of size N is a sample selected such
that each possible sample of size n has the
same probability of being selected.
Replacing each sampled element before
selecting subsequent elements is called
sampling with replacement.

Simple Random Sampling


Sampling without replacement is the
procedure used most often.
In large sampling projects, computergenerated random numbers are often
used to automate the sample selection
process.

Sampling Methods
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Systematic Sampling

Stratified Random Sampling


The population is first divided into groups of
elements called strata.
Each element in the population belongs to one and
only one stratum.
Best results are obtained when the elements within
each stratum are as much alike as possible (i.e.
homogeneous group).
A simple random sample is taken from each
stratum.
Formulas are available for combining the stratum
sample results into one population parameter
estimate.

Stratified Random Sampling


Advantage: If strata are homogeneous, this
method is as precise as simple random
sampling but with a smaller total sample size.
Example: The basis for forming the strata
might be department, location, age, industry
type, etc.

Cluster Sampling
The population is first divided into separate
groups of elements called clusters.
Ideally, each cluster is a representative
small-scale version of the population (i.e.
heterogeneous group).
A simple random sample of the clusters is
then taken.
All elements within each sampled (chosen)
cluster form the sample.

Cluster Sampling
Advantage: The close proximity of elements
can be cost effective (I.e. many sample
observations can be obtained in a short time).
Disadvantage: This method generally
requires a larger total sample size than
simple or stratified random sampling.
Example: A primary application is area
sampling, where clusters are different
geographic regions of the state or other welldefined areas.

Systematic Sampling
If a sample size of n is desired from a population
containing N elements, we might sample one
element for every N/n elements in the population.
We randomly select one of the first N/n elements
from the population list.
We then select every N/nth element that follows in
the population list.
This method has the properties of a simple
random sample, especially if the list of the
population elements is a random ordering.

Systematic Sampling
Advantage: The sample usually will be
easier to identify than it would be if simple
random sampling were used.
Example: Selecting every 100th listing in a
telephone book after the first randomly
selected listing.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

Population
with mean
=?

The value ofx


used to

is

make inferences
about
the value of .

A simple random sample


of n elements is selected
from the population.

The sample data


provide a value for

x
the sample mean
.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

The sampling distribution of the sample mean


is the probability distribution of all possible
values of the sample mean.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean


For random samples of size n selected from a
population with mean and standard deviation
the sampling distribution of the sample mean

has a mean of x , the population mean;

has a standard deviation of x


.
n

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean


If we use a large (n > 30) simple random
sample, the central limit theorem enables us
to conclude that the sampling distribution of x
can be approximated by a normal probability
distribution.
When the simple random sample is small
(n < 30), the sampling distribution of x can be
considered normal only if we assume the
population has a normal probability
distribution.

Applications of the Central Limit Theorem


The Central Limit theorem and other properties of
the sampling distribution of the sample mean can
be used to calculate probabilities concerning a
sample mean.
To obtain the z-value for a certain value of
the formula below can be used

x x

/ n

x,

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