SAMPLING

Research is an organized and systematic way

of finding answers to questions.

In both qualitative and quantitative research,

studies are conducted on a selected population.
In many cases only portion of the total population
is selected to study. The selected portion is called
a sample.
 Definitions

1. Population
- A group that includes all the cases
(individuals, objects, or groups) in which the
researcher is interested.
2. Sample
- A subset of the population chosen to
represent the population in
a statistical analysis.
SAMPLING

 Selection of small group of subjects from a

larger population.
 A statistical analysis technique used to
select, manipulate and analyze a
representative subset (sample) of data
points in order to identify patterns and
trends in the larger data set being
examined.
WHY SAMPLE?
 Sampling can save money.
 Sampling can save time.
 Permits the researcher to work with a
more manageable group size.
 The study’s findings can be generalized
back to the total population with
inferential statistics.
 TWO
TWO TYPES
TYPES OF
OF SAMPLING
SAMPLING
Random Sampling
• Every unit of the population has the same
probability of being included in the sample.
• Eliminates bias in the selection process
• Also known as probability sampling
Non-Random Sampling
• Every unit in the population is drawn based
on the judgment of the researcher.
• Not appropriate data collection method for
most statistical studies
• Also known as nonprobability sampling
 Sampling
Techniques

Non-Random
Random Sampling
Sampling

Simple Random Convenience

Sampling Sampling

Systematic Purposive
Sampling Sampling

Stratified
Sampling Quota Sampling

Cluster Snowball
Sampling Sampling

Multistage
Sampling
 Non-Random Sampling
Techniques
1. Convenience
Sampling
 Sometimes known as grab or
opportunity sampling or accidental or
haphazard sampling.
 A type of nonprobability sampling which
involves the sample being drawn from that
part of the population which is close to
hand. That is, readily available and
convenient.
 For example, if the researcher was to
conduct a survey at a shopping center
early in the morning on a given day,
the people that he/she could interview
would be limited to those given there
at that given time, which would not
represent the views of other members
of society in such an area.
Non-Random Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
 A sampling technique in which researcher relies on his
or her own judgment when choosing members of
population to participate in the study.
 This is used primarily when there is a limited number of
people that have expertise in the area being
researched.
 Also known as judgment, selective or subjective
sampling.
Example:
TV reporters stopping certain individuals on the street in
 Non-Random Sampling
Techniques
3. Quota Sampling
 The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive subgroups, just as in
stratified sampling.
 Then judgment used to select subjects or units from each segment based on a
specified proportion.
Non-Random Sampling

4. Snowball Sampling
 Existing study subjects are used to recruit more subjects into the sample.
 Also known as chain-referral sampling
Paramete
r and
Statistic
PARAMETER

A parameter is a number that

describes the population. It is usually
unknown and estimated only by a
corresponding statistic computed from
the sample data.

Examples: population mean, population

standard deviation, and population
variance
STATISTIC

A statistic is a number that describes a

sample. It is a random variable which
depends on a particular sample data. It can
be used to estimate an unknown parameter.
Statistics are used to make inference
about unknown parameters.

Examples: sample mean, sample standard

deviation, and sample variance
Symbols used for Parameters and
Statistics
Characteristics Parameter Statisti
c
Mean µ x̅
Standard Deviation σ s
Variance
Proportion p p̂
Pearson Correlation R r
Coefficient
Number of Cases N n
Identifying Parameters and Statistics
1. A researcher wants to estimate the average
height of women aged 20 years or older. From a
simple random sample of 45 women, the researcher
obtains an average height of 63.9 inches.
Parameter: The average height of all
women aged 20 years or older. (population
mean = unknown)
Statistic: The average height selected 45
women is 63.9 inches. (sample mean = 63.9)
2. Farmer Ben wants to estimate the mean
farm size in Nueva Ecija. From a simple
random sample of 40 farms, he obtains a
mean farm size of 731 hectares.
Parameter: average farm size in Nueva Ecija
Statistic: average farm size of 731 hectares
obtained from a sample of 40 farms
3. Ms. Fe wants to estimate the average
weight of feeding scholars in PHS. From a
simple random sample of 20 feeding scholars,
she obtains an average weight of 37kg.

Parameter: average weight of feeding

scholars
Statistic: average weight of 37 kg from a
sample of 20 feeding scholars
call: Determining population values
A population of scores in a test consists of the
numbers 2, 4, 9 and 5. Determine the population mean,

Population Mean:
population variance, and population standard deviation.

Population Variance:

Population Variance:
call: Determining population values
A population of scores in a test consists of the
numbers 2, 4, 9 and 5. Determine the population mean,
population variance, and population standard deviation.
Population Mean:

Population Variance:

Population Standard Deviation:

Recall: Combination
A basket contains..
apple, banana, mango, guava, and pineapple.

1. List all the possible combinations of two fruits.

2. List all the possible combinations of three fruits.
3. List all the possible combinations of four fruits.
Recall: Combination

Combination is a collection of objects where order

doesn’t matter.

where n is the number of objects from which you can

choose, and r is the number of objects to be chosen

read as “n choose r” which means the number of

combinations of n objects taken r at a time
Evaluate the following using
calculator:

1. 3C2 = 3

2. 5C3 = 10

3. 8C4 = 70
 Sampling
Distribution of
Sample Means
 Sampling Distribution of
Sample Means
A probability distribution
using the means computed
from all possible random
samples of a specific size
taken from a population.
 Steps in Constructing the Sampling
Distribution of Sample Means
1. Determine the number of possible samples that
can be drawn from the population using the formula:

N Cn
where N = population size
n = sample size

2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
3. Construct the probability distribution.
Example: A population of scores consists of the
numbers 2, 4, 9, and 5. Construct a sampling
STEP 2:
distribution of sample means with n = 2.

STEP 1: No. of Sampl Mean

Samples
e
2, 4 3
NCn= 4C2 = 6 2, 9 5.5
= 2, 5 3.5
4, 9 6.5
4, 5 4.5
5, 9 7
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means (for n = 2)

STEP 3 :
x̅ P(x̅) Each sample mean is an
3 1/6 estimate of the
population mean.
3.5 1/6
4.5 1/6
The difference between
5.5 1/6 the sample mean and the
6.5 1/6 population mean is called
the sampling error.
7 1/6
Mean and Variance of
Sampling Distribution
of Sample Means
Properties of Sampling Distribution of
Sample Means
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of
the sample means is equal to the population
mean . That is,
Mean of Sampling Population
Distribution Mean
∑𝑿
µ=
Ʃ x̅·P(x̅) 𝑵
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of
the sample means is given by:

3. The standard deviation of the

sampling distribution of the sample means
is given by:
Getting the mean, variance and standard deviation of
sampling distribution of sample means (for n = 2)

Mean of Sampling Distribution

x̅ P(x̅ x̅·P( x̅ 2·P( Ʃ x̅·P(x̅) = 30/6
) x̅) x̅) =5
9 3 1/6 3/6 9/6 Variance of Sampling
Distribution
12.2 3.5 1/6 3.5/6 12.25/6 = Ʃ x̅ 2·P(x̅) - 2
5
27.167 – 52 =
20.2 4.5 1/6 4.5/6 20.25/6
5
2.167
Standard Deviation of Sampling
Distribution
30.2 5.5 1/6 5.5/6 30.25/6
5
=
42.2 6.5 1/6 6.5/6 42.25/6
5
 Example 2: A population of scores consists of
the numbers 2, 4, 9, and 5. Construct a sampling
distribution of sample means with n = 3.

STEP 1: No. of Samples STEP 2:

NCn= 4C3 = 4 Sampl Mean
Or = e
2, 4, 9 5
2, 4, 5 3.667
2, 9, 5 5.333
4, 9, 5 6
 Sampling distribution of sample means (for n =
3)

STEP 3:
Mean of Sampling
Distribution
Ʃ x̅·P(x̅) = 20/4
x̅ P( x̅·P(x̅ x̅ 2·P(x̅ =5
x̅) ) ) Variance of Sampling
13.447
Distribution
3.667 1/4 3.667/ 13.447/
4 4
= Ʃ x̅ 2·P(x̅) - 2

25 5 1/4 5/4 25/4 = 25.721 – 52 =

28.441
0.721
Standard Deviation of Sampling
5.333 1/4 5.333/ 28.441/ Distribution
4 4
36 6 1/4 6/4 36/4
¿ √ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐=𝟎.𝟖𝟒𝟗
 Character Populat Exampl Exampl
istic
ion eA eB
N=4 n=2 n=3
Mean
Variance 2.16 0.72
7 1
0.84
Standar 1.47
2 9
d
Deviatio
n If we want to get a good estimate of the
population mean, we have to make n
sufficiently large.
This fact is stated as a theorem, which is
known as the Central Limit Theorem.
 The Central Limit Theorem

If random samples of size n

are drawn from a population,
then as n becomes larger, the
sampling distribution of the
sample means approaches the
normal distribution.
 Standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of sample means ( )

 Also known as the standard error of the mean

 It measures the degree of accuracy of the
sample mean as an estimate of the population
mean.
 A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the
standard error of the mean is small or close to
zero, while a poor estimate, if the standard
error of the mean is large.
Group Activity : Sampling Distribution
1. List the weight (in kg) of each member.
2. Compute the average weight of all members of the
group (population mean).
3. Construct a sampling distribution of mean weights
for n = 4.
4. Compute the mean, variance, and standard
deviation of the sampling distribution.
5. Which sample mean is the best estimate of the
population mean? Which sample mean is not the
best estimate?
 Solving Problems
Involving Sampling
Distribution of the Sample
Means
Formulas when raw scores are
not given
Mean of Variance of Standard
Sampling Sampling Deviation of
Distribution Distribution Sampling
2 Distribution
σ
¿
𝑛
 The probability that the sample mean x̅ will
take on a value within a given range in the
sampling distribution can be determined using the
formula,

where x̅ = sample mean

= population mean
= population standard deviation
n = sample size
Example 1: Time to Complete an
Examination
The average time it takes the PHS Grade 11 students to complete a
certain examination is 46.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 8
minutes. Assume that the variable is normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected Grade 11 student
will complete the examination in less than 43 minutes?
b. If 50 randomly selected Grade 11 students take the examination,
what is the probability that the mean time it takes the group to
complete the test will be less than 43 minutes.
c. What is the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the mean time it takes a group of Grade
11 students to complete an examination. Consider n = 50.
a.
Given:  = 46.2,  = 8, x = 43
Find: P(x<43)
Solution:

Probability
P(x<43) = P(z<-0.40)
= 0.5000 – 0.1554
= 0.3446 or 34.46%
The probability that a randomly selected Grade 11
student will complete the examination in less than 43
minutes is 34.46%.
b.
Given:  = 46.2,  = 8, x̅ = 43, n = 50
Find: P(x̅<43)
Solution:
Area under the normal curve at point Z = -2.83
P(X<43) = P(z<-2.83)
= 0.5000 – 0.4977
= 0.0023 or 0.23%
So, the probability that 50 randomly selected
Grade 11 students will complete the test in less than
43 minutes is 0.23%
c. Given:  = 46.2,  = 8, n = 50

Solution:

46.2 minutes

1.28 sq. minutes

minutes
Example 2: Average height of Male
College Students
The heights male college students are
normally distributed with mean of 68 inches
and standard deviation of 3 inches. A sample
consisting of 25 students is drawn from the
population, what would be the expected
mean, variance and standard deviation of the
resulting sampling distribution of the means?
 Given:  = 68,  = 3, n = 25

Solution:

68 inches

0.36 sq. in.

inches
 Example 3: Cholesterol Content

The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol

in a cup of Winnie’s ice cream is 660 mg, and the
standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume that the variable
is normally distributed. If a sample of 10 cups of ice
cream is selected,

a. what is the mean, variance, and standard deviation

of the sampling distribution of the average cholesterol
content of the sample?
b. what is the probability that the average cholesterol
content of the sample will be larger than 670 mg?
The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of Winnie’s ice cream
is 660 mg, and the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume that the variable is normally
distributed. If a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected,

a. what is the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
the average cholesterol content of the sample?
b. what is the probability that the average cholesterol content of the sample will be
larger than 670 mg?

== =
660
Example 4:
Manufacturer of ball bearings claims that this product has a mean weight of 5.02 g and a standard deviation of
0.30g. What is the probability that a random sample of 100 ball bearings will have combined weight:

a. between 496g and 500 g?

b. more than 510 g?