Random

Sampling
-Yha Ian
In the previous chapter, you have learned
that the normal probability distribution is
graphically represented by a symmetrical,
bell-shaped curve known as the normal
curve, whose shape is determined by its
mean and standard deviation. This particular
distribution is regarded as the most
significant probability distribution in the
entire theory of statistics, particularly in the
field of statistical inference.
Lesson Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, students are

expected to:

a. illustrate random sampling;

b. define the different sampling

techniques; and

c. distinguish between parameter from

 POPULATIO
N
SAMPLE

Sampling is a process of
getting the sample.
 Statistic versus
Parameter
Statistics – a branch of
Mathematics. It is a subject offered
in a school.
Statistic – a datum in a
collection of statistics. It is a
characteristic of a sample. It is used
to estimate the value of a
population. The average grade of
 Sample Statistic – any quantity computed
from a sample taken from a population with the
intention of using this quantity to estimate same
but unknown quantities of the population. The
examples would be sample mean and sample
variance.
Parameter – a useful component of
statistical analysis. It refers to the characteristics
that are used to define a given population.
Statistic describes a sample while
parameter describes a population. In other
words, statistic is used to estimate a parameter.
 Say something about the
following figures.
Sample Mean

8 10
40 34 34
29 33 32
32. 17
35 32. 32
38 7
24 337 31
26 33 30
55
80 Figure 2
Figure 1
Descriptive Statistics of the two given sets
of sample data
Figure 1 Figure 2
Mean 32.7 Mean 32.7
Standard Error 6.92989 Standard Error 0.4726
Median 27.5 Median 33
Mode None Mode 33
Standard Deviation 21.9142 Standard Deviation 1.4944
Sample Variance 480.233 Sample Variance 2.2333
Kurtosis 1.3037 Kurtosis -0.1518
Skewness 1.13241 Skewness -0.3595
Range 72 Range 5
Minimum 8 Minimum 30
Maximum 80 Maximum 35
Sum 327 Sum 327
Count 10 Count 10
Population – refers to the entire group that is under
study or investigation.

Sample – is a subset taken from a population, either by

random or nonrandom sampling techniques.

Random sampling – is a selection of elements derived

from a population N, which is subject of the investigation
or experiment, where each sample point has an equal
chance of being selected using the appropriate sampling
technique.

Sampling Distribution – is the probability distribution

when all possible samples of size are repeatedly drawn
from a population.
 Since survey research has a larger
scope of respondents, sampling technique
is very necessary. For instance, the
population of the research is 6,033
students, teachers, parents and school
administrators. It doesn’t mean that all of
these 6,033 target respondents will be
given a survey questionnaire. Sampling
technique should be done systematically
so that expenses and time will be
minimized but the generality and
reliability of the information will be
 Types of Random Sampling
Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling - is a basic sampling
technique where a researcher selects a group of a
sample for study from a larger group (population).
Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each
member of the population has an equal chance of
being included in the sample.
2. Systematic Sampling - is a statistical method
involving the selection of elements from an ordered
sampling frame. The most common form of systematic
sampling is an equiprobability method. In this
approach, progression through the list is treated
circularly, with a return to the top once the end of the
list is passed.
3. Stratified Sampling - is a method of sampling in
which the researcher divides the population into
separate groups, called strata. Then, a probability
sampling is drawn from each group.
Cluster Sampling - is a sampling technique used
when mutually homogeneous yet internally
heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical
population. It is often used in marketing research. In
this sampling technique, the total population is divided
into groups called clusters a simple random sample of
the group is selected.
 Multistage Sampling - is the taking of
samples in stages using smaller and smaller
sampling units at each stage. It can be a
complex form of cluster sampling since it is a
type of sampling which involves dividing the
populations into groups. A combination of
stratified, cluster and simple random sampling is
used in multistage sampling technique.
 Non-Random Sampling Techniques
A nonrandom sampling is used when the sample is not a
proportion of the population and when there is no system in
selecting a sample. This is often used by researchers to elicit
and gather quick responses for questions which do not require
confidentiality.
1. Accidental sampling – only those whom the researcher
meets by chance are included in the sample when using
this techniques.

2. Quota sampling – includes a specified number of persons of

certain types to be taken as sample.

3. Convenience sampling – is the fastest sampling technique

that make use of the telephone, mobile phones, or internet.
4. Purposive sampling – used in very small sample sizes. For
example, if the subjects of the study are deans of certain
universities, are managers of institutions, or guards in the school.

5. Self-selection sampling – the respondents put themselves forward

for participation in a survey or similar form of research. The
possibility of bias in the sample is extremely high, because those
most likely to put themselves forward are those who have a
particular interest in the subject.

6. Snowball sampling – is a recruitment technique in which research

participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other
potential subjects.

7. Judgmental sampling – also known as authoritative sampling

where the researcher selects units to be sampled based on his
existing knowledge, or his professional judgment.

8. Crowdsourcing sampling – is the collection of information,

Review:

1.Recite the Five types of Random Sampling

Techniques?

2. How about the Non-Random Sampling

Techniques?
3. What is/are the difference between Random
and Non-Random Sampling Techniques?
 QUESTIONS ???
CLARIFICATIONS ??
?
THANK YOU !!!
CONTINUATION !!!
 Sampling Distribution of
Sample Means
Lesson Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

a.understand combination;

b.construct sampling distribution of sample means;

and

c.create a histogram of the sampling distribution.

 Entry Card

Find the mean of the following sets of numbers.

1.1, 3, 8, 10, 4

2.6, 10, 9, 12, 4, 5

3.12, 2, 5, 7, 11 ,8 ,4

4.14, 10, 15, 14, 17, 19, 20

5.20, 22, 24, 18, 14, 25, 26, 28

 Evaluate Combination of N Objects Taken
r at a Time.
𝑛!
𝑁 𝐶𝑟 = N = no. of
( 𝑛 −𝑟 ) ! 𝑟 ! Population
r = no. of sample

1.5C3

2.8C4

3.9C6

4.10C3

5.12C8
 Sampling Distribution of Sample
Means
Recall that a variable is a characteristic or attribute that can
assume different values. A population consist of the numbers 2, 4,
9, 10, and 5. Let us list all possible samples of size 3 from this
population and compute
Sample
the mean of each sample.
Mean
2, 4, 9 5.00
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 4, 5 3.67
2, 9, 10 7.00
2, 9, 5 5.33
2, 10, 5 5.67
4, 9, 10 7.67
4, 9, 5 6.00
4, 10, 5 6.33
9, 10, 5 8.00
Sample Mean Frequency
3.67 1
5.00 1
5.33 2
5.67 1
6.00 1
6.33 1
7.00 1
7.67 1
8.00 1
Total n = 10
 Observe that the means vary from
sample to sample. Thus, any mean based
on the sample drawn from a population is
expected to assume different values for the
samples. So, this leads us to a conclusion
that the sample mean is random variable,
which depends on a particular sample.
Being a random variable, it has a
probability distribution. The probability
distribution of the sample means is also
called the sampling distribution of the
Sample Mean () Frequency Probability ()

3.67 1 1/10 = 0.10

5.00 1 1/10 = 0.10

5.33 2 2/10 = 0.20

5.67 1 1/10 = 0.10

6.00 1 1/10 = 0.10

6.33 1 1/10 = 0.10

7.00 1 1/10 = 0.10

7.67 1 1/10 = 0.10

8.00 1 1/10 = 0.10

Total n = 10 10/10 = 1.00

Observe that the means of the
samples could be less than, greater
than, or equal to the mean of the
population. The difference between
the sample mean and the population
mean is called the sampling error. It
is the error due to sampling.
Practice: Drawing
Cards
Samples of three cards are drawn at random from a
population of eight cards numbered from 1 to 8.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

C. Construct a histogram of the sampling distribution of the

means.
 f
2.00 1
2.33 1
2.67 2
3.00 3
3.33 4
3.67 5
4.00 6
4.33 6
4.67 6
5.00 6
5.33 5
5.67 4
6.00 3
6.33 2
6.67 1
7.00 1
Total 56
 QUESTIONS ???
CLARIFICATIONS ??
?
THANK YOU !!!