Chapter 4: Modifiable Risk Factors of Lifestyle Diseases

Chapter 4: Modifiable Risk
Factors of Lifestyle Diseases

SMOKING
Why is smoking harmful?
Almost every organ in the body is
damaged when a person smoked. It
weakens the body and leads to many
disease. Each stick of cigarette has
more than 4,000 chemicals and
consuming it would cut an individual’s
life for at least five minutes.
The smoke contains hydrogen
cyanide, insecticides, methanol and
butane fuels, benzene, cadmium, and
formaldehyde. The chemical mixture
(cigarette smoke) impairs the function
of cardiovascular and respiratory
system. It accelerates atherosclerosis
and destroys the cilia in the lungs.
Tar is a by-product of smoking
cigarettes. Tar build up disrupts the
clearing process of the lungs and ruin
air sacs. Nicotine is a toxic chemical
compound that mostly consists
nitrogen. Nicotine makes the heart
beat fast, brings light-headedness,
and upsets stomach.
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous
chemical from burnt cigarette that
makes the heart do more work to
supply sufficient oxygen in the body.
Thus, smokers have higher risks of
having cardiovascular diseases like
angina and heart attack.
WHAT ARE
THE KINDS OF
TOBACCO
SMOKE?
Mainstream Smoke
(first hand smoke)
Side-stream Smoke
(second hand smoke)
Third-hand Smoke
Why do
people start
smoking?
Parental role model
Adolescent Experiments and
Rebellion
Depression
Limited Education
Weight Control
Aggressive Marketing
Stress
Addiction
Why do people
keep smoking?
Pressure
Fear of weight gain
Nicotine dependence
Vices
POOR DIETARY
HABITS
Poor dietary habit occurs when
the person does not follow the
principles of good nutrition –
adequacy, balance and variety.
Adequacy refers to moderate
amounts of nutrients to maintain
normal body function.
Balance refers to the correct
combination of nutrients, and variety
refers to consumption of different types
of food products.
It is also about under-consumption
and over-consumption of unhealthy
food and drinks and intake of low-fiber,
high-fat, high-salt and high sugar.
Poor dietary habits lead to
malnutrition, resulting to stress,
tiredness, sleep deprivation, weak brain
functions, indigestion, and heart
problems.
It adds up to the risk of developing
diseases and health problems such
as: obesity, tooth decay, high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, heart
disease and stroke, type-2 diabetes,
osteoporosis, certain types of cancer,
depression and eating disorders
SEDENTARY
LIFESTYLE
Sedentary Lifestyle occurs when an
individual lacks the recommended level
of physical activity or if he or she is
physically inactive
Physical inactivity is a term used to
identify people who do not get the
recommended level of regular physical
activity.
What does physical inactivity
causes you?
Increase risk of certain cancer
Anxiety and depression
Cardiovascular diseases
Having coronary heart disease and
obesity
High blood pressure and increased
cholesterol level
Decrease in skeletal muscle mass due to
excessive sitting
What are the types of diseases
associated with unhealthy
lifestyle?
1. Cardio Vascular Disease
- a disease of the heart and blood
vessels and is the leading cause of death in
the Philippines.
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
Arteriosclerosis
- a condition causing the arteries to
harden and thicken. Some types are natural
to growing old.
Atherosclerosis
- type of arteriosclerosis where
deposited fat hardens and becomes plaque
on arterial walls. Plaque build-up can begin
as early as two years old.
Coronary Heart Disease
- coronary arteries are narrowed
or blocked.
Major risk factors for coronary heart
disease
Smoking
Diabetes
Hypertension
Cholesterol
Age
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Heart Attack
- cardiac muscle failure due to lack
of blood flow to the heart.
Angina Pectoris
- chest pain from narrowed
coronary arteries due to inadequate
oxygen for the heart.
Rheumatic Fever
- the immune system attacks
the heart and can cause fever, weakness,
and damage to its valves.
Heart Rhythm Abnormalities
- irregular heart rhythm
Congestive Heart Failure
- the heart is not able or below its capacity to pump
blood causing liquid to accumulate in the lungs and
other areas of the body.
2. Cancer
– a disease where cells divide in an
uncontrolled pace. These cells can form a tumor,
which can be identified benign and malignant
through a biopsy procedure.
Difference between Malignant and Benign
tumor
Malignant
– is cancerous. The tumor can spread to invade
and destroy nearby tissues and body parts.
Benign
– is not cancerous. It may increase in size but do
not invade other body parts.
Four Major Categories of Cancer
Carcinoma
– an invasive malignant tumor from
epithelial tissue that tends to spread to
other body parts.
Sarcoma
– is a supportive cancer which includes
muscle, bone, fat, blood vessels and
cartilage cancers.
Lymphoma
– arises in cells of the lymphatic or the
immune system tissues characterizedby
abnormal production of white cells and
decrease in resistance.
Leukemia
– is the cancer of the blood or bone marrow
characterized by an abnormal production of blood
cells, usually leukocytes or white blood cells.
3. Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus
– is a disease resulting from a condition of the
body wherein the body is not able to produce or
efdectively use insulin. It impairs several organs in the
body which causes kidney damage, blindness and
atherosclerosis.
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
– is a type of diabetes where the
immune system destroys the cell producing
insulin, which causes the build-up of sugar
in the blood and loss of sugar in the urine.
Type 2 Diabetes
– this occurs when the body
produces insulin but cannot be used by
the cells.
Gestational Diabetes
– this occurs in certain pregnant
individuals. The hormones cause the
body not to respond to the insulin
produced by the body.
4. Chronic Respiratory Disease –
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) is a type of obstructive lung
disease characterized by long-term poor
airflow.
Risks factors include;
 Tobacco smoking,
 Indoor and outdoor air pollution and
occupational dusts
 Chemicals like vapors, irritants and
fumes.
What is healthy
lifestyle?
A healthy lifestyle is all about
making one’s health and well-being
a priority.
What are the ways to prevent lifestyle
diseases?
 Eat healthy food

 Do daily routines of physical activity
 Drink moderate amounts of alcohol only
 Manage stress
In maintaining a healthy lifestyle
mental stabilization is also required;
Stop comparing yourself to others,
be aware of how hungry or full you
are, it’s not about diet it’s more of
routine, be determined that you’re
doing to improve your health.
What are some
government programs to
address non-
communicable diseases?
The DOH and its partners lead a nationwide
lifestyle movement called “Pilipinas
Go4Health” which aims to inform an
encourage all Filipinos to practice a healthy
lifestyle by committing to physical activity,
proper nutrition as well as minimizing or
quitting cigarette smoking and alcohol
consumption.
The Go4Health program includes the
“Go Smoke-Free”, “Go Slow sa
Tagay”, “Go Sustansya” and “Go
Sigla”.
The 2012 Nutritional
Guidelines for Filipinos
1.Eat a variety of foods every day to get the
nutrients needed by the body.
2.Breastfeed infants exclusively from birth

up to six months and then give appropriate
complementary foods while continuing
breastfeeding for two years and beyond for
optimum growth and development.
3. Eat more vegetables and fruits to get the
essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber for
regulation of body processes.
4. Consume fish, lean meat, poultry, egg,

dried beans or nuts daily for growth and
repair of body tissues.
5. Consume milk, milk products, and other
calcium-rich food such as small fish and
shellfish, every day for healthy bones and
teeth.
6. Consume safe foods and water to prevent

diarrhea and other food-and water-borne
diseases.
7. Use iodized salt to prevent Iodine
Deficiency Disorders.
8. Limit intake of salty, fried, fatty, and

sugar-rich foods to prevent cardiovascular
diseases.
9. Attain normal body weight through
proper diet and moderate physical activity to
maintain good health and help prevent
obesity.
10. Be physically active, make healthy food

choices, manage stress, avoid alcoholic
beverage, and do not smoke to help prevent
lifestyle-related non-communicable disease.

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Chapter 4: Modifiable Risk

Factors of Lifestyle Diseases

 Eat healthy food

2.Breastfeed infants exclusively from birth

4. Consume fish, lean meat, poultry, egg,

6. Consume safe foods and water to prevent

8. Limit intake of salty, fried, fatty, and

10. Be physically active, make healthy food

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