Branches of Fishery Arts

 Fish Culture
 Fish Capture
 Fish Preservation

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 Fish Culture or Aquaculture - it is the science of
raising aquatic products under a controlled or semi-
controlled environment.

 Fish Capture - It is the branch of fishery science

that deals with the scientific method of catching
any auatic animal, using any kind of fishing
methods, often operated from a vessel.

 Fish Preservation- it is the method of extensing the

shelf life of fish and other fishery products by
applying the principles of chemistry, engineering,
and other branches of science in order to improve
the quality of the products.
UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.
AFA 4a (Aquaculture)
Credit : 3 Units

LINA B. PEPITO, LPT, MS BioSc

Special Lecturer

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Course Description:

 This course aims to provide the

learners with an overview of
aquaculture. It includes water
quality, production system, spawning
and the common fish cultured in the
community.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture

 In recent years, attention has been focused on

addressing the global challenges of hunger,
malnutrition and impaired health in our population.
 Since 2014, aquaculture has provided more fish for
human consumption that capture fisheries, and by
2020 it is expected to contribute 60% o the total fish
and shrimp available for human consumption.
 Expanding the role of aquaculture towards ending
hunger and all forms of malnutrition is an important as
to focus on increasing production.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept. UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture

 Aquaculture is the fastest growing food supply sector

in the world and it helps us with food security.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept. UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture

 Aquaculture is uniquely positioned to be one of the

driving forces needed to address the nutrition
challenges that we face in the world today.
(dsm.com.news)

 Aquaculture is the fastest growing food supply sector

in the world and it helps us with food security.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept. UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Principles of Aquaculture
Aquaculture

 denote all forms of culture of aquatic animals

and plants in fresh, brackish and marine
environments. (Pillay and Kutty, 2005).
 refers to fishery operations involving all forms of
raising and culturing fish and other fishery
species in fresh, brackish, and marine areas
(RA 8550: Fisheries code of the Philippines).

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Principles of Aquaculture
Aquaculture

 The rearing of aquatic organisms under

controlled or semi-controlled conditions.
 Underwater agriculture or water farming
 A science and an art.

(Stickney, 1994)

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Principles of Aquaculture
Aquaculture

 practice of rearing, growing or producing

products in water or in managed systems
(Meade, 1989).
 encompasses freahwater, brackishwater and
saltwater.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Principles of Aquaculture
Aquaculture

A term describes a variety of management

procedures designed to increase production of
living aquatic resources beyond that which is
normally available from harvesting wild stocks.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Aquaculture Methods and Practices

A number of aquaculture practices are used world-wide in different

types of environment for a great variety of culture organisms.

Three types of environment where aquaculture is done:

 Freshwater - freshwater aquaculture is carried out either in
fishponds, fish pens, fish cages, or on rice paddies
 Brackish Water - done mainly in fish ponds located in coastal
areas
 Marine water - employs either in fish cages or substrates for
molluscs and seaweeds such stakes, ropes, and rafts

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture

Basic categories of culture systems :

 Open culture systems

 Semi-closed systems
 Closed systems

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture

 Open culture systems - refers to fish farming

in natural bodies of water such oceans, bays,
estuaries, coastal lagoons, lakes or rivers.
 examples: cages, pens, enclosures, raft,
long lines

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture

Cages vs Pens

 Both terms are often used interchangeably

 also called generally as enclosure culture, involving holding of
organisms captive in an enclosed space while maintaining free
exchange off water.

 Cage - totally enclosed on all, or all except the top, sides by

mesh or netting (maybe floating or fixed)
 Pen - bottom of enclosure is formed by lake or sea bottom
(only sides are enclosed with nets)

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Fish Pen Cages

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Raft culture of mussel

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture
 Mariculture - or marine farming is a specialized branch
of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine
organisms for food and other animal products, in
enclosed sections of the open ocean (offshore
mariculture), fish farms built on littoral water (inshore
mariculture), or in artificial tanks, ponds or raceways
which are filled with seawater (onshore mariculture)
 Example:
 finfish and shellfish like oysters, clams, mussels,
shrimp, salmon and algae.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture

Semi-closed systems

 Those in which the culture water makes one

pass through the system and is dischaged.
 Also referred as flow-though or once-through
system

 examples: ponds, raceways

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 Pond culture is a very popular aquaculture
production method with many aquatic species
cultured in ponds.
 To have successful pond production,
ponds must be properly sites and built,
with careful assessment of water
avilability, quality and quantity.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture

Closed systems

 Those in which the culutre water is

reconditioned and reciirculated to the culture
units.
 Most recent term is closed-recirculating systems

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 Aquaponics is a food producton system that
couples aquaculture (raising aquatic animals
sich as fish, crayfish, snails or praws in tanks)
with the hydroponics (cultivating plants in
water) whereby the nutrients-rish aquacultre
water is fed to hydroponically grown plants,
where nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into
nitrates.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 Aquaponics

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 Integrated multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) -
provides the byproducts, including waste, from the
aquatic species as inputs (fertilizers, food) for
another. farmers combine fed aquaculture (e.g.,
fish, shrimp) with inorganic extractive (e.g. seaweed)
and organic extractive (e.g., shellfish) aquaculture to
create balanced systems for environment
remediation (biomitigation), economic stability
(improved output, lower cost, product diversification
and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better
management practices).
UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.
Integrated multi-tropic aquaculture (IMTA)

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Overview of Aquaculture

Phases of Aquaculture

 Seed production
 hatchery
 nursery

 Grow-out

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Aquaculture serves many purposes, including:

 Food production for human consumption;

 Rebuilding of populations of threatened and endangered
species;
 habitat restoration;
 wild stock enhancement;
 Economic Growth
 Foreign Exchange Earnings
 Income and Employment

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Aquaculture serves many purposes, including:

 production of sport fish

 culture of bait for commercial or sport fishing
 culture of aquatic organisms to supply hobbyist
and scientific research groups and for pets
 culture of aquatic organisms as a means of
recycling wastes (biofiltration)
 for production of industrial commidities such as oil,
pearls, animal feed and drugs.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Agriculture vs Aquaculture

Agriculture
 began 10,000 years ago
 the science and art of cultivating the soil,
producing crops and raising livestocks that live on
land.
 Limited to land which is only 29% of the earth.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Agriculture vs Aquaculture

Aquaculture
 Aquaculture practiced in China, Japan, and
elsewhere in the Far East.

 First thesis on aquaculture was published in 475

B.C. by Fan Li.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Agriculture vs Aquaculture

 Ancient Greeks and Romans authors refers to

oyster culture and other aquacultural activities.
 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Why is aquaculture lless developed that agriculture?
 aquatic organisms live in water (unhospitable and
difficulture to penetrate)
 man found it easier to domesticate land animals
 fisheries continually replenishing.

Aquaculture is an option to solve food shortage.

Declining fisheries caused the shift from capture
fisheries to aquaculture

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 From Capture Fisheries to Aquaculture

 Declining fisheries caused the shift from capture

fisheries to aquaculture

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 Important Point !!!

 The job of thee aquaculturist is not completed until

the end Market (consumers, patron in a
restaurant, hobbyist, aquaculturists) has received
the product of an aquaculture facilities in
acceptable condition.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

An Aquaculturist must be involved in the different activities of aquaculture

Site selection, establishment / construction of culture

facilities

Breeding and Seed Production

Grow-out culture Processing

Marketing

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

History of Aquaculture

Aquaculture – began 2500 B.C. in China.

Culture of carp called lee under the term of
Emperor Lee
• Fan Li – wrote the first treatise in fish culture
in 500 B.C
• 15th century – Brackish water aquaculture
began in Indonesia with the culture of milkfish
in embanked coastal areas called tambak.
• Oyster farming - Oldest form of coastal
aquaculture 2000 years ago in Japan.
• Seaweed culture in Japan was started in 1952.
UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.
History of Aquaculture

• Asia – leader in the field of aquaculture.

• Aquaculture powerhouse.
• Asia produced 89% of the global aquaculture
output in 2020. FAO

Aquaculture sector had the biggest share of

53.7 % in the fisheries production from 2019-
2021.
UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.
 OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES

Contribution to World Production

 Philippine Fisheries ranked 8th in the world among the leading
fishing countries, with a total annual production of around 4.7 million
metric tons of fishery products including seaweeds (FAO website).
 The Philippine aquaculture production of 0.459 million metric tons in
2003 is 11th in the world sharing 1.1% to the total global aquaculture
production of 42.3 million metric tons amounting to about 600 million
dollars in terms of value. (FAO website).
 The Philippines is also the world’s 2nd largest producer of aquatic
plants including seaweeds having produced a total of 0.989 million
metric tons or nearly 8% of the total world production of 12 million
metric tons (FAO website).
UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.
 OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES

Stimulated by higher global demand for fish, world

fisheries and aquaculture production reached 157
million tons in 2012 and is projected to reach about 172
million tons in 2021, with most of the growth coming
from aquaculture (FAO, 2013).

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES

Present status of Aquaculture

 Milkfish- the Philippines' national fish, has
carried the country's flag in fishery export, next
to seaweeds.
 Pangasinan became the top producer of
milkfish of 45,000 metric tons from 2003 to 2005
or 16.7 percent of the country's total production.
 Per capita consumption – 36 kg

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES

Milkfish or bangus is a low trophic level

species, is the most important food fish
cultured in the Philippines, Indonesia and
Taiwan as a cheap protein source; its
production in the Philippines
in 2020 was registered at 422.79 thousand
metric tons (PSA, 2020).

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 Cultured species
The major aquaculture species in the Philippines are:
 seaweed (mainly Kappaphycus spp. And Eucheuma spp.);
 milkfish (Chanos chanos);
 tilapia (mainly Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus);
 shrimp (mainly jumbo tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon);
 carp (mainly bighead carp,Aristichthys nobilis);
 oyster (slipper-shaped oyster,Crassostrea iredalei); and
 mussel (green mussel, Perna viridis).

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 4 aquaculture commodities:
1. Finfish
2. Crustaceans
3. Mollusks - culture is environmentally beneficial.
4. Seaweeds – consumer of dissolved nutrients and
producers of oxygen
- most environmentally compatible form of aquaculture.

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Aquaculture sector
• Total fish production in 2003
 aquaculture -17.70%
 marine fisheries - 77.23%
 inland fisheries 5.07%.
• Main aquaculture species
 Seaweed (988 889 t),
 milkfish (202 973 t),
 tilapia (109 373 t)
 jumbo tiger shrimp (34 997 t)
UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.
Aquaculture production

 seaweed culture - 67.99%

 brackishwater fish ponds - 16.84%
 freshwater fish ponds - 4.95%
 freshwater fish cages - 3.63%
 others - 4.12%

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 Half of the seafood consumed
globally currently comes from
aquaculture, or farmed seafood,
which is increasing at a faster rate
than any other animal production
sector (UNFAO, 2014)

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

 Responsible Aquaculture in the Philippine Context
By Wilfredo G. Yap
Arguments About Aquaculture
➢Destroys the natural environment
➢Blocks the waterways and increases the risks of flooding
➢Keeps out small fishers from the traditional fishing grounds
➢Introduces exotic species to the disadvantage of the native
species
➢Uses and releases harmful chemicals to the detriment of
the natural stock of fish
➢Not an equitable way of using natural resources
 Responsible Aquaculture in the Philippine Context
By Wilfredo G. Yap
Responsible Aquaculture

 Responsible aquaculture is the farming and husbandry of

aquaticorganisms in a manner which takes into consideration
not only of productivity and profitability but also the physical
and social environment.

Source : Lectures from Prof. Annelie Salvador

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.

Sustainable aquaculture
 the management and conservation of the natural
resource base, and the orientation of technological
and institutional change in such a manner as to
ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of
human needs for present and future generations.
 environmentally non-degrading, technically
appropriate, economically viable and socially
acceptable.
Source : Lectures from Prof. Annelie Salvador

UEP, COEd-BTLEd Dept.