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Introduction
• Face Ventilation
– Stoppings
– Check Curtains
– Air Measurements
• Principals of Airflow
• Respirable Dust Control
• Use of Scrubbers
• Actions for Excessive Methane
• Rock Dusting
• Permissibility
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The principal mechanism for taking
medium air velocity measurement is the
Anemometer.

A high speed
anemometer is
most often used
for high velocity
air measurements!
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Taking Anemometer Measurements
• Make sure to zero dial!
• Make sure air flow is into the back of the
anemometer.
• Press lever to start dial movement.
• Take reading for 1 Minute.
• Press lever to stop.
• For precise measurements, use a wand or
extension rod to minimize effects of hand, arm,
and body.
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Airflow in a mine is induced by pressure
differences between intake and exhaust
openings.

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The pressure difference is caused by
imposing some form of pressure at one
point or a series of points in the ventilating
system.

Exhausting Fan
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Passageways, both intake and returns must
be provided to conduct airflow

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Air always flows from a point of higher to
lower pressure.
* Blowing fans create a high
pressure point immediately inby
the fan. Air travels from this high
point through the mine to the
surface.
* Exhausting fans create a low
pressure point immediately inby
the fan. Air travels from the
surface through the mine to this
low pressure point.
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Blowing
Fan
* Neutral flows to outside. Smoke
will not travel to face area.
* Gobs are “pressurized”. Less influx
of contaminants from gobs until fan
stops.
* Harder to maintain required LOC
quantities.
* Best for mining near OLD
WORKS.

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Exhausting
Fan
* Neutral flows toward face. Smoke
will travel toward face area.
* Gobs are “under suction”.
Contaminants flow from gobs until
fan stops.
* Easier to maintain required LOC
quantities.
* Worse for mining near OLD
WORKS.

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 Face Ventilation
Blowing Exhausting

Higher velocity Lower velocity at

at face. face.
Best for gas. Worse for Gas.
Worse for dust. Good for Dust.

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 Check Curtains
• A great deal of air leakage occurs on
working sections.

• Properly installed and maintained

check curtains are very important to
prevent loss of large quantities of air
between the last permanent
stopping(s) and the working face.
 Check Curtains

• Before installing a check curtain ,

the entire entry should be
thoroughly inspected for uneven
loose roof, haulage hazards, ribs or
protruding brows.

• Equipment or other obstacles

should never be parked or placed
close to check curtains.

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 Face Ventilation

Get the air where you need it!

• Ensure check curtains are tight

• Good Run Through Curtains
• Do not Park Equipment in Last
Open Entries
• Keep curtains close to the face

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Proper installation procedures

• Curtain needs to remain free of holes

and rips
• Adequate length and width are
imperative
• Overlap curtains when more than one
piece is required

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When using line brattice systems,
exhausting line brattice may not deliver
quite as much air to the face as blowing
line brattice.

Question: Why does this happen?

Answer: Air always flows from a higher
pressure to a lower pressure.

When exhausting line brattice is used, the

area behind the brattice (or curtain) is on the
downstream (low pressure) side.

This causes the curtain to belly (balloon) in

toward the rib - because air is trying to get
from the wide (high pressure) side of the
entry to the tight (low pressure) side of the
entry behind the curtain.

Reducing the ventilation area behind the line

curtain.
Permanent Stopping

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Check Curtain

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Sweep Ventilation

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Section 75. 325. Volume of Air.

• The quantity of air reaching each working face where coal is being
cut, mined, drilled for blasting, or loaded shall be at least 3,000 cubic
feet per minute unless a greater quantity is required in the approved
ventilation plan.

• The quantity of air passing through the last open crosscut shall be at
least 9,000 cubic feet per minute unless a greater quantity is required
in the approved ventilation plan.

• The air current at working faces shall under all conditions have a
sufficient quantity to dilute, render harmless, and carry away
flammable, explosive, noxious, and harmful gasses, dusts, smoke, and
fumes, this quantity shall be specified in the approved ventilation plan.

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 Volume

Velocity locations
as required by
Where are approved
Velocity
Intake Air ventilation plan.
Readings
required?

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Where are Volume
Intake Air Velocity locations
Readings as required by
required? approved
Velocity
ventilation plan.

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• On shift respirable dust control parameters.

• The examination shall include air quantity and

velocities, water pressures and flow rates,
excessive leakage in the water delivery system,
water spray numbers and orientations, section
ventilation and control device placement and any
other dust suppression measures required by the
ventilation plan.
• If scrubbers are used the plan shall specify the
operating parameters.

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 Scrubbers
• Introduction of Scrubbers allowed Deeper
Cuts using both Blowing and Exhausting
Ventilation Systems
• 40 feet Deep Cuts became common as long
as Methane and Dust was controlled

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 What Should Your Line Brattice Air
Quantity Be?
• Balance Line Brattice Air Quantity with the Scrubber Air Quantity

• Typically this quantity is +/- 1,000 cfm of scrubber capacity

• Scrubber Capacity
– Name Plate Rated Capacity (Manufacturer)
» Air Densities
» Voltages
» Power Factors
» Dry vrs. wet
– Actual Capacity
» Clean
» Dirty
» Variations due to wear and tear or changes

• Need Proper Scrubber Air Quantity to Determine Line Brattice

Air Quantity
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 What Should the Line Brattice Air
Quantity Be
• Typically this quantity is +/- 1,000 cfm of
scrubber capacity
– Tech support advises this quantity can be
greater than +1,000 cfm of scrubber capacity
– Upper limit only if conditions exist that
overpower scrubber
• 400 fpm
• Curtain close to the cutting face
• Take Air Reading with Scrubber Off!!!!
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 Brattice Air Quantity Higher than
Scrubber Air Quantity
6,000 cfm

0 0 cfm
Additional Air

6,0
Quantity helps to
Dilute Downwind
Concentrations

m
cf
6,000 cfm

0
00
2,
Keep Velocities Below
400 fpm

8,000 cfm
Curtain is not to close
8,000 cfm

to Cutting Head

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 Higher Air Quantities
400 fpm 800 fpm

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Scrubber Over Powered if
Line Brattice Quantity
exceeds Scrubber Quantity
or
High Velocity
Curtain close to
cutting head
Velocity exceeds
400 fpm
Effects Ram Car
Operators &
Downwind
Personnel (Roof
Bolters)

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Lower Air Velocity by
increasing curtain area

Additional Step cuts allows

curtain be held back

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• Air Quantity Reading
should be taken with the
scrubber off!!!!

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 Face
Scrubber Rating
Airflows 7,500 cfm

Inby End of Curtain

Scrubber Off 3,000 cfm
Scrubber On 7,500 cfm
Inadequate Intake
Air

Outbid End of Curtain

Scrubber Off 4,000 cfm
Scrubber On 4,300 cfm

20,000 cfm 20,000 cfm

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 Other Factors Influencing Line
Curtain Air Quantities
• Movement through Outby Curtains or
mandoors
• Position of other Equipment
• Movement of Outby Equipment
• Person taking the Air Reading

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AUXILIARY FANS AND TUBING
§ 75.331
• Permissible
• Maintained in proper operating condition
• Deenergized when no one is present on the
section
• Deficiency corrected immediately
• Deenergized for one percent or more
methane
 § 75.331 (continued)
When auxiliary fan is stopped
• Ventilation to faces maintained by other
means
• Electrical equipment disconnected at power
source
• Mechanized equipment shut off
Auxiliary fans located and operated to avoid
recirculation of air
 WORKING SECTIONS AND WORKING
PLACES
§ 75.332
Separate intake split for each

• Working section
• Area where equipment is being installed or
removed
• Set of equipment simultaneously mining on
same working section
 § 75.332 (continued)

Prohibits use of air to ventilate a working place if air

has passed
• Through any area
- Not examined under § 75.360, § 75.361 or §
75.364, or
- Second mining has been done
• By an opening of unsealed area
- Not examined under § 75.360, § 75.361 or §
75.364
 Discussion
• When two or more sets of mining equipment are
simultaneously engaged in cutting, mining, or
loading coal or rock, each set of mining equipment
shall be on a separate split of intake air.
Section 75.323(a). Actions for excessive methane.

• Tests for methane concentration under this

section shall be made by certified or
qualified persons trained in the use of an
approved detecting device which is
properly calibrated. Tests shall be made at
least twelve inches from the roof, face,
ribs, and floor.

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Section 75.323(b). Actions for excessive methane.

• When one percent or more methane is

present in a working place or an intake air
course, including an air course in which a
belt conveyor is located, or in an area
where mining equipment is being installed
or removed, work shall cease and electrical
power shall be de-energized in the affected
area except intrinsically safe atmospheric
monitoring systems (AMS).
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 1.2 %
1. Stop Work in
No. 2
2. Kill Power
to Affected
Electric Face
Equipment.

Methane
Example
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Section 75.323(b). Actions for excessive methane.

• Changes or adjustments shall be made to the

ventilation system to reduce the concentration to
less than one percent. Only work to reduce the
concentration of methane below one percent shall
be permitted.

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 1.2 %
1. Stop Work in
No. 2
2. Kill Power
to Affected
Electric Face
Equipment.
3. Adjust
Ventilation.
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Methane
Example
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Section 75.323(b). Actions for excessive methane
continued.

• When one and one-half percent or more methane is present in

a working place or an intake air course, including an air course
in which a belt conveyor is located, or an area where mining
equipment is being installed or removed, only work necessary
to reduce the methane concentration to less than one and one-
half percent will be permitted and all other personnel shall be
withdrawn from the affected area.

• Electrically powered equipment in the affected area shall be

de-energized and other mechanized equipment shall be shut
off except of intrinsically safe atmospheric monitoring
systems (AMS).
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 1.6 %
1. Work to
reduce CH4
concentration.

2. Withdraw all
other personnel.

3. De-energize
power center.
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Methane
Example
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Rock Dusting
• Generous applications of rock dust can prevent the propagation of coal
dust explosions.
• The standards require that all areas of a coal mine that can be safely
traveled must be kept adequately rock dusted to within 40 feet of all
working faces
• Section 75.403 requires that rock dust be applied to the top, floor and
sides of all underground areas of a coal mine and maintained in such
quantities that the incombustible content be not less than 65 percent in
intakes and 80 percent in returns. When methane is present in the
ventilating air current the percent of incombustible content shall be
increased. Recent NIOSH studies indicate that the incombustible
content in intakes should be increased to 80 percent due to the use of
modern mechanized mining equipment which generates smaller size
dust particles.

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Permissible Electric Equipment
• In order to prevent methane ignitions
caused by electrical equipment, all such
equipment taken into or used inby the last
open crosscut, in return air or located within
150 feet of pillar workings or longwall
faces must be maintained in permissible
condition

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