ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS II

[FEM 1023]
 CHAPTER 3

LAPLACE TRANSFORM FOR

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
 Overview

3.1. Laplace Transform

3.2. Inverse Laplace Transform

3.3. Translation Theorem

3.4. Method of Solution

 Overview

3.1. Laplace Transform

3.2. Inverse Laplace Transform

3.3. Translation Theorems

3.4. Method of Solution

 3.3. Translation Theorem

Learning Outcome

At the end of this section you should be able to:

Use translation theorems

 3.3. Translation Theorem

First Translation Theorem

If L{ f (t )}  F ( s )and a is any real number, then

at
L{e f (t )}  F ( s  a )
at
L{e f (t )}  L{ f (t )}s s  a
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 1
5t 3
Evaluate L{e t }
Solution:
5t 3 3
L{e t }  L{t }s s 5 at
L{e f (t )}  L{ f (t )}ss a
3! .
 4
s s  s 5

6
 4
( s  5)
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 2
Evaluate L{e 2t cos 4t}
Solution:
L{e 2t cos 4t}  L{cos 4t}ss  2 L{e at f (t )}  L{ f (t )}s s a
s .
 2 2
s  4 ss  2


s  2
( s  2) 2  16
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Inverse of First Translation Theorem

at
L{e f (t )}  F ( s  a )

1 1 at
L {F ( s  a )}  L {F ( s ) s s a }  e f (t )
.
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 3
 2s  5 
1
Evaluate L  2 
 ( s  3) 
Solution:
2s  5 2 11
2
 
( s  3) s  3 ( s  3) 2
 2s  5 
1 1  1  1  1 
L  2
 2L    11L  2
 ( s  3)   s  3  ( s  3) 
.
3t
 1 1 

 2e  11L  2  L1{F ( s) ss a }  e at f (t )
 ( s) s  s 3 
 2e 3t  11te 3t
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 4
1  s 
Evaluate  2
L 
 s  6 s  11 
Solution:
1  s  1  s 
L  2 L  
 s  3  2 
2
 s  6 s  11 

L 1  s  3  3 
 
 s  3  2 
2
.

L 1  s  3  3 
 
 s  3  2 s  3  2 
2 2
 3.3. Translation Theorem

L 1  s  3  3 
 
 s  3  2 s  3  2 
2 2

 s  3   1 
1  1 
L    3L  2
 
2
 s  32  2   s  32   
2 


1 
L 
s  3



1 
L 
  2 


 
 s 2  2
2 .

s  s 3 
2  
2
  2
 s
2
s  s 3 


e 3t
 
cos 2t 
3 3t
2
e sin 2t   L1{F ( s) ss a }  e at f (t )
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 5

1  1 1 
Evaluate L   2 
 s  1 s  2 s  8 
3

1 t 2 1 t
Ans: e t  e sinh 3t 
2 3
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Unit Step Function or Heaviside Function

The unit step function, U (t  a )is defined as

0, 0  t  a
U (t  a )   .
1, ta
U

a t
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Second Translation Theorem

If F ( s )  L{ f (t )}and a  then
0,

 as
L{ f (t  a)U (t  a )}  e F ( s)
 as
e
L{U (t  a )} 
s
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 6

Evaluate L t  23U t  2    as
L{ f (t  a)U (t  a)}  e F ( s)
Solution:
a2 f (t  2)  t  23  f (t )  t 
3

 
L t  2 U t  2  e 2 s L t 3
3

3! 
2 s 
 e . 4 
s 
6e  2 s
 4
s
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 7
Find the Laplace Transform
f t   2  3U t  2  U t  3
Solution:

L f t   L2 3LU t  2  LU t  3 e  as

L{U (t  a)} 
s
2  e 2 s  e 3 s
  3 
s  s  s

.
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 8
Find the Laplace Transform
g t   2t  3U t  1
Solution:
Lg t   L2t  3U t  1 L{ f (t  a)U (t  a)}  e  as F ( s)

 e  s L2t  1
e s
L2t L
1
2 1 .
s 
e  2  
s s
 3.3. Translation Theorem

The unit step function can be used to write piecewise

defined function in a compact form.

For instance:
 g t , 0  t  a
f t    .
 ht , ta
The compact is:

f t   g t   g t U t  a   ht U t  a 
 3.3. Translation Theorem

For instance:
 0, 0t a

f t    g t , a  t  b
 0, t b

The compact is:

f t   g t U t  a   U t  b 
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 9
t , 0t 3
Find L{ f (t )}, where f (t )  
2, t 3
Solution:
Step 1: Change to compact form

 g t , 0  t  a
f t   
 ht , ta

f t   g t   g t U t  a   ht U t  a 
 3.3. Translation Theorem

f t   g t   g t U t  a   ht U t  a 

t , 0t 3
f (t )  
2, t 3

a3 g (t )  t h(t )  2

f t   t  tU t  3  2U t  3
 3.3. Translation Theorem
Step 2: Compute the Laplace transform

f t   t  tU t  3  2U t  3

L{ f (t )}  L{t}  L{tU (t  3)}  2 L{U (t  3)}

1 e 3s e  as
 2  L{tU (t  3)}  2 L{U (t  a)} 
s s s

L{tU (t  3)} L{ f (t  a)U (t  a)}  e  as F ( s)

 3.3. Translation Theorem

L{tU (t  3)}  as
L{ f (t  a)U (t  a)}  e F ( s)

a3 f (t  3)  t  f (t )  t  3
3 s
L{tU (t  3)}  e F (s)
1 3
F ( s )  L{ f (t )}  L{t  3}  2 
s s
3 s  1 3
L{tU (t  3)}  e  2  
s s
 3.3. Translation Theorem

1 e 3 s
L f t   2  L{tU (t  3)}  2
s s
1 e 3s 3e 3s 2e 3 s
 2 2  
s s s s
1  e 3s e 3 s
 2

s s
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Inverse of Second Translation Theorem

Iff (t )  L1{F ( s )}, then

1  as
L {e F ( s )}  f (t  a)U (t  a).
 3.3. Translation Theorem

Example 10
11 2 s
Evaluate L { e }
s4
Solution: L1{e  as F ( s)}  f (t  a)U (t  a).
1
a2 F (s) 
s4
1
L { 1
}  e 4t  f t 
s4
 3.3. Translation Theorem
1
1
L { }  e 4t  f t 
s4
4t 4 t  2 
f (t )  e  f (t  2)  e
Therefore,

1 2 s
1 4(t 2)
L { e } e U (t  2)
s4

1  as
L {e F ( s)}  f (t  a )U (t  a)