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Design of Overflow Structure
Design of Overflow Structure
Ungated Gated
Depending on the size of the dam and its location, one would prefer
the gates for:
• Large dams,
• Large floods, and
• Easy access for gate operation.
Three types of gates are currently favored:
• Hinged flap gates,
• Vertical lift gates,
• Radial gates.
The vertical gate can be very high but requires substantial slots, a
heavy lifting device, and unappealing superstructure.
The radial gates are most frequently used for medium or large
overflow structures because of
• their simple construction,
• the modest force required for operation and
• absence of gate slots.
• Frontal overflow,
• Side-channel overflow, and
• Shaft overflow.
• Crest heights
• Discharges
• Water volumes ??
• In concept of crest height, the load is composed of the sum of:
• Initial depth, h
• A depth increase, r, due to a flood
• A wave depth, b
load=h+r+b ……........................................(1)
Accordingly, the resistance of the crest height, k, (i.e.: the lowest point)
may be defined as:
(h+r+b)-k ≤ 0 ……………………………. (2)
Overtopping occurs provided that (h+r+b)-k >0.
The corresponding probability of overtopping is the complementary
value of the security, and also coupled to the probabilities of the
parameters h, r, b, and k.
Dam with reservoir
Probability of overtopping, p
r ≤ (f-hmax)
2.2.2 Concept of Water Volumes
• The heights h, r, b, and k are related to particular volumes of reservoir
such as
• Vh= resrvoir volume at initial reservoir level,
• Vr= flood storage volume,
• Vb= wave run-up volume,
• Vk= maximum reservoir volume up to the dam crest level.
• (h+r+b-k) ≤ 0 equation may be written analogously with regard to
volume V as:
• (Vh+Vr+Vb-Vk) ≤ 0 ..................................... (9)
• And all concepts presented earlier can similtaneously be transposed.
• Again the result would be the same: the security against overtopping
can not be predicted by using stochastic parameters which are not
indepent to each other.
2.2.3 Concept of Discharges
• The effectively needed storage volume Vr can be determined from the mass balance
as:
v r Q a - Q z dt Q r dt
T T
dh
Qr = A
dt The filling time ends when Q =Q , i.e.: when
Where A=A(h) is the reservoir surface. z a
Qr=0
• Therefore it can be written that:
Vr ≤ VR
• Needed storage volume ≤ Available storage volume:
Q
T
z dt Q a dt V R
T
• or Vz-Va ≤ VR
Vz
Vr
Qa r
Va
Q
T
z dt Q a dt V R
T
• that is from the inflow design flood, and includes the described effects of
initial reservoir depth, reservoir freeboard, and availability of outflow
structures.
• Where Qa= reservoir inflow during the filling time T,
Qz= reservoir outflow during thesame time T,
Va= available storage volume
2.3 Frontal Overflow
• 2.3.1 Crest Shapes
Overflow structures of different shapes are:
1. Straight (standard)
2. Curved
4. Labyrinth
H
2 mm
W
45o
• In order to inhibit the scale effects due to viscosity and surface tension, the head on
the weir should be:
• H≥ 100 mm, and the height of the weir, W ≥ 2Hmax
• Then, the effects of approach velocity are insignificant.
Flow over a sharp-crested weir
Flow over a sharp-crested weir
• In order to inhibit the scale effects due to viscosity and surface
tension, the head on the weir should be:
• H≥ 100 mm, and the height of the weir,
• W ≥ 2Hmax
• Then, the effects of approach velocity are insignificant.
The shape of the crest is important regarding the bottom pressure
distribution. Slight modifications have a significant effect on the
bottom pressure, while the discharge characteristics remain
practically the same.
The geometry of the lower nappe cannot simply be expressed
analytically. The best known approximation is due to US Corps of
Engineers (USCE1970). They proposed a three arc profile for the
upstream quadrant and a power function for the downstream
quadrant, with the crest as origin of Cartesian coordinates (x,z).
USCE Crest Shape
The significant scaling length for standard overflow structure is the
so-called design head, HD.. All other lengths may be
nondimensionalized with HD. The radii of the upstream crest profile
are:
R1 R2 R3
0. 50, 0.20, 0.04
HD HD HD
The origins of curvature O1,O2, and O3, as well as the transition points
P1,P2, and P3, for the upstream quadrant are;
Point O1 O2 O3 P1 P2 P3
x/HD 0.00 -0.105 -0.242 -0.175 -0.276 -0.2818
z/HD 0.500 0.219 0.136 0.032 0.115 0.136
• The downstream quadrant crest shape was originally proposed by
Craeger as:
1. 85
z x
0. 50 , for x 0
HD HD
d 2Z * 1
*2
*
dX X
• The inverse curvature varies linearly with x*.
• For design purposes, the difference between the two crest
geometries are usually negligible.
The crest shape given above for vertical spillways for which the velocity of
approach is zero, i.e.; for HD/P→0, where P is the height of the spillway.
•In general, the shape of the crest depends on:
1.The design head HD,
2.The inclination of the upstream face,
3.The height of the overflow section above the floor of the entrance channel
(which influences the velocity of approach to the crest).
The crest shapes have been studied extensively in the Bureau of
Reclamation Hydraulic Laboratories. For most conditions, the data can be
summarized as:
q CH D3 / 2 discharge per unit width
q
Va velocity of approach
p h0
q2
ha velocity of approach head
2g p h 0 2
Elements of Nappe-Shaped Crest Profile
ha
h0 HD
xc x
yc
R1 y
P
R2
• The portion upstream from the origin is defined as either a single
curve and a tangent, or as a compound circular curve. The portion
downstream defined by
n
y x
K
H0 H0
• Where K and n are constants whose values depend on the upstream
inclination and on the velocity approach head, ha.
Values of K
Values of n
Values of xc
Values of yc
Values of R1 and R2
2.3.3 Discharge Characteristics
• The discharge over an ogee crest is given by the formula:
3/2
Q CLH e
• Where:
• Q=discharge,
• C=discharge coefficient,
• L=effective length of crest,
• He=total head on the crest, including the velocity of approach head, h a.
The discharge coefficient, C, is influenced by a number of factors:
1. The depth of approach,
2. Relation of actual crest shape to the ideal nappe shape,
3. Upstream face slope,
4. Downstream apron interface,
5. Downstream submergence.
Pier and Abutment Effects
• Where crest piers and abutments are shaped to cause side
contractions of the overflow, the effective length, L, will be less than
the net length of the crest. The effect of end contractions may be
taken into account by reducing the net crest length as follows:
• L=L’-2(NKP+Ka)He
• Where:
• L= effective length of crest,
• L’= net length of crest,
• N= number of piers,
• KP= pier contraction coefficient,
• Ka= abutment contraction coefficient,
• He= Existing total head on the crest.
2.3.4 Coefficient of Discharge for Ogee Crest
• i) The effect of depth of approach
• For a high sharp-crested weir placed in a channel, the velocity of
approach is small and the underside of the nappe flowing over the
weir attains the maximum contraction.
• As the approach depth (p+ho) decreaesed, the velocity of approach
increases, and the vertical contraction diminishes.
• If the sharp-crested weir coefficients are related to the head
measured from the point of maximum contraction instead of to the
head above the sharp crest, coefficients applicable to ogee crests
can be established.
He
• For an ideal nappe shape, i.e.: 1
HD
2 y
q C d 2g H 3 / 2 HD H y c H HD y cH 1 c
3 D
HD
H
C d 0.611 0.08 , (P W)
P
3/ 2
2 y Q
q Cd 2g 1 c H D3 / 2 Q CLH D3 / 2 q CH D3 / 2
3 HD L
3/ 2
2 y
C Cd 2g 1 c
3 HD
In the text book, the discharge coefficient C is given as function of x=H/HD
only:
2 4
C 1 for any angle and 3
3 3 9 5
w
l flo
low
al f
a
itic
itic
r
bcr
erc
p
Su
Su
1 2/3
V a R S f Sf
V a n 2
, R He P
4/3
n R
for concrete n 0.0225
1.811x 0.02252
Sf 0. 00062
2.14 / 3
h
Sf L
Then the total approach channel friction loss, h , is :
h S f L 0. 00062x 30 0. 0186 m
• Assuming an entrance loss into the approach channel
equal to =0.1ha, the total head loss in the approach
channel is approximately:
h total h f h m
h total 0.0186 0.1x 0.167 0.0353 m 0.04 m
hd d 2.06
1. 41 from Fig.252
He 1. 46
hd
0.91 at supercriti cal flow
He
If supercritical flow prevails, hd should be equal to:
Vd2
h d 0.91 xHe 0.91x1.46 1.33 m
2g
and d should be equal to : d 2.06 - 1.33 0.73 m
With the indicated unit discharge q=3.803 m3/s/m, the
downstream velocity will be approximately:
q 3. 803
Vd 5. 3 m/s
d 0. 73
Vd2
hv 1. 383 m 1.33 m h d
2g
The closeness of the values of hd and hv, verifies that flow is
supercritical . From Fig.252 it can be seen that the downstream
effect is due to apron influences only and the corrections shown
in Fig. 5 will apply.
To evaluate the effecet of submergence:
Q 56
L 15. 485 m.
3/ 2
CH 0 2. 05x 1. 463/ 2
To correct for the pier and abutment effects, the net
length is:
L L 2 NKP K a H e
If the bridge spans are not to exceed 6 m, two piers will
be required for the approximate 16 m total span and N
will be equal to 2. Then:
L 15.485 2 2x0.01 01.46 15.543 m
as an initial guess
0.686 0.686
h P 2.06 h a ( 0)
0. 19 m
h P 2.06
2 2
0. 686
h a
( i 1 )
by iteration h a can be obtained
H
P - h a
e
( i) 2
as an initial guess
0.686 0.686
h P 2.06 h a ( 0)
0. 162 m
h P 2.06
2 2
h P 2.06 h a
( h+P) (m) ha (m)
2.06 0.162
1.898 0.19
1.87 0.196
1.864 0.1976
1.862 0.198
1.862 0.198
Therefore ha=0.198 m.
• Now we can determine the crest shape:
ha 0.198
0. 1356 & 3 : 3 K 0.52, and n 1.748
H0 1.46
xc
0. 194 x c 0. 194x 1. 46 0. 283 m
H0
yc
0. 038 y c 0.038x 1. 46 0.055 m
H0
R1 R2
0. 455 R 1 R 2 0. 455x 1.46 0. 66 m
H0 H0
1. 748
y x
0. 52
H0 H0
Discharge rating curve
He/ He C/C0 Ci Hd+d Hd+d Cs/C Cs q He+P Va ha Sf hm hl HG Q
H0 /He
0.1 0.146 0.82 1.74 0.746 5.11 1.00 1.74 0.097 0.746 0.13 0.001 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.15 1.50
0.2 0.292 0.85 1.802 0.892 3.05 1.00 1.802 0.284 0.892 0.32 0.005 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.29 4.41
2 1
0.4 0.584 0.90 1.908 1.184 2.03 1.00 1.908 0.852 1.184 0.72 0.026 0.000 0.0 0.01 0.59 13.20
4 2
0.6 0.876 0.94 1.993 1.476 1.68 1.00 1.993 1.634 1.476 1.11 0.062 0.000 0.0 0.01 0.89 25.33
5 4
0.8 1.168 0.97 2.06 1.768 1.51 0.982 2.023 2.554 1.768 1.44 0.106 0.000 0.0 0.01 1.18 39.58
3 5
1.0 1.46 1.00 2.12 2.06 1.41 0.966 2.05 3.613 2.06 1.75 0.156 0.000 0.000 0.02 1.48 56.00
8 6 1
1.2 1.752 1.03 2.184 2.352 1.34 0.95 2.07 4.811 2.352 2.05 0.213 0.000 0.000 0.02 1.77 74.58
3 7 1
2.3.6 Bottom pressure characteristics
The bottom pressure distribution P b(x) is important, because it yields:
• an index for the potential danger of cavitation damage, and
• the location where piers can end without inducing separation of flow.
The bottom pressure head P b/ nondimensionalized by the design head H D as a
function of location X=x/HD for various =H/HD is shown in figure below.
• The minimum pressure Pm occurs on the upstream quadrant.
Pb H
0 for 1
HD HD
Pb H
• The most severe pressure minima the
0 alongfor due tosignificant
piers 1 streamline
curvature effects. HD HD
Bottom pressure distribution
Free surface profile Plane flow
Pb/
H/HD
Plane flow
Between piers
Pb/
• A generalized analysis is given by Hager as
Pm
P m vs which may be approximat ed as :
H
P m 1
•The figure below refers the location of zero bottom pressure, X 0=x0/HD,
• i.e.; where atmospheric pressure occurs.
H
X0 plus chute angle
HD
<1 underdesigned
Pvi
7. 6 m.
• The limit head HL for incipient cavitation to occur is
P vi
HL 1 -1
• The constant was introduced to account for additional effects, such as the
variability of Pvi with .
2.3.8 Spillway Face
• The spillway face is a straight line between the point of tangency,
P.T.(xt,yt) and the point of curvature P.C. It has a length of L 1, and a
slope of , which is determined from the stabilty analysis.
P.T
L1 P.C
Point of tangency
P R
Air entrainment on the face of a spillway
Flow on a spillway face and air entrainment
Oldman river dam, Alberta
• It is now generally agreed that insufflation begins at this very point C,
where the boundary layer meets the water surface. The resulting mixture
of air and water, containing an ever-increasing proportion of air, continues
to accelerate until uniform flow occurs, or the base of spillway is reached.
• Clearly, the designer will wish to know the velocity reached at the base, or
toe, of the spillway.
• The computation of this velocity can be obtained by using boundary layer
development over the spillway face. The boundary layer will start to
develop from point A where spillway crest starts.
• The thickness of the boundary layer, , the displacement thickness, 1,
and the energy thickness 3, at the point of curvature is given by:
0. 233
L
0. 08 1 0. 18 3 0.22
L k
Spillway crest and boundary layer
• The boundary layer will start to develop from point A where spillway
crest starts.
• Where:
= the boundary layer thickness at P.C.
• L=Lc+L1= total length of crest
• Lc= length of curved crest,
• L1= Length of face,
• k= roughness height of concrete= 0.061 cm
= the displacement thickness at P.C.
= the energy thickness at P.C.
The length of curved crest, Lc,can be obtained from Fig.7 as a function of xt/H0.
The depth of flow at the point of curvature can be obtained from energy equation by
assuming that the head loss is zero. This depth dp is called as potential-flow depth,
because head loss is neglected.
• However, a boundary layer is developing along the spillway face.
Hence a head loss will occur. Therefore, the actual depth, d, and the
head loss,hl, can be computed by using the displacement and energy
thicknesses as follows:
d d p 1 actual flow depth
3U p3
h spillway energy loss
2gq
where
q
Up potential - flow velocity
dp
Example on Spillway Energy Loss
Given:
H0=10 m H0= 10 m
x
P=107 m yT
k=6.1x10-4 m (P.T)
xT x
Face slope: 1:0.78
P=107 m Y2
For a high spillway, R
(P.C)
The crest shape is:
n
y x
K
H0 H0
K 0.5, n 1.85 y
COMPUTE THE ENERGY HEAD ENTERING
THE STILLING BASIN
1. Boundary Geometry
a)Length of curved crest, Lc
XT
1. 47 (from equation)
H0
Lc
2.15 (from figure)
H0
Lc 2.15x 10 21. 5 m
b) Length of tangent, LT
YT
1. 02 (from equation)
H0
YT 10.2 m
Y 2 Y T 107 10. 2 96. 8 m
1
Tan 1.2821
0.78
1 Y 2 Y T
c)TotalSin
crest 0.7885
length, L
L=Lc+LT=21.5+122.8=144.3 m 12
0. 78 2 LT
Y 2 Y T
LT 122.8 m
Sin
2. Hydraulic Computation:
a) Boundary-layer thickness,
L 144. 3 5
4
2.336x10
k 6. 1x 10
-0.233
L
0.08 0.08x(2.33 6x10 5 )-0.233 0.00448
L k
0.00448 x 144. 3 0. 646 m
q2
HT d p cos
2gd p2
Cos 0. 6150
HT 107 10 117 m
68.942 242. 22
117 0.615d p 0. 615d p
2 x 9. 81d p2 d p2
242.22
d ( i 1 )
by iteration d p 1. 44 m
117 0. 615d p
p ( i)
q
Up 47.73 m/s
dp
e) Spillway energy loss, hl:
q 68. 94
U act 44. 2 m/s
d 1.56
Since <d, no bulking of flow from air entrainment
2.3.9 Spillway Toe
• When the flow reaches the end of inclined face of spillway it is deflected through a
vertical curve into the horizontal or into an upward direction. In the latter case we
have the ski-jump and the bucket-type energy dissipators, to be discussed later.
• In either case, centrifugal pressures will be developed which can set up a severe
thrust on the spillway side walls. These pressures cannot be accurately calculated
by elemantary means, but there are certain approximations. One of them is:
• Assume that the depth yO at the center of curve is equal to the depth y1 of
approaching flow. Then the centrifugal pressure at point O will be equal to:
Where
V1= velocity of approaching flow, and R= radius of curvature of toe
V 12 y 1
PO
R
Spillway toe and flip bucket
2 2
2 2
PO V O R
1 1 1
1 V1 R
V 12
2
• The “free vortex” method leads to results that are quite accurate within a
certain range, but it has a limitation arising from the fact that the function
lnx/x has a maximum value of 1/e, which occurs when x=e, the base of
natural logarithms. Applying this result to the equation for y1/R ,we see
that R/y1 has a minimum value of e, when R/R1 =e, even though R/y1 is by
nature of the problem an independent variable, which may in practice
assume any value at all.
• Therefore, the theory cannot be applied when R/y1 <e.
• Further, the effect of gravity has been ignored, so that the pressures
derived are purely those due to centrifugal action. We take gravity into
account simply by adding hydrostatic pressure, P=y, to the pressures
obtained above.
Gate controlled ogee crest
Releases for partial gate openings for gated crests occur as orifice flow. With full
head on a gate that is opened a small amount, a free discharging trajectory will
follow the path of a jet issuing from an orifice. For a vertical orifice the path of the
jet can be expressed by the parabolic equation
x2
y
where H is the head on the center of4the
H opening.
For an orifice inclined an angle from the vertical, the equation is:
2
If subatmosphericpressures are tobe x
y x tan avoided along
2
the crest contact, the shape
4Hmust
of the ogee downstream from the gate sill to the trajectory profile.
cosconform
Gates operated with small openings under high heads produce negative
pressures along the crest in the region immediately below the gate if the ogee
profile drops below the trajectory profile. Tests showed the subatmospheric
pressures would be equal to about one-tenth of the design head when the gate
is operated at small openings and the ogee
is shaped to the ideal nappe profile:
n
y x
K
H0 H0
For maximum head Ho. The force diagram for this condition is shown on figure
8.
Subatmospheric crest pressures for undershot gate
flow
The adoption of a trajectory profile rather than a nappe profile downstream from the gate
sill will result in a wider ogee, and reduced discharge efficiency for full gate opening.
Where the discharge efficiency is unimportant and where a wider ogee shape is needed
for structural stability, the trajectory profile may be adopted to avoid subatmospheric
pressure zones along the crest.
Where the ogee is shaped to the ideal nappe profile for maximum head, the
subatmospheric pressure area can be minimized by placing the gate sill downstream from
the crest of the ogee. This will provide an orifice that is inclined downstream for small
gate openings and will result in a steeper trajectory closer to the nappe-shaped profile.
Discharge Over Gate-Controlled Ogee Crests
The discharge for a gated ogee crest at partial gate openings will be
similar to flow through an orifice and may be computed by the equation:
Q CDL 2gH
where:
H = head to the center of the gate opening (including the velocity head
of approach),
D = shortest distance from the gate lip to the crest curve, and
L = crest width.
The coefficient, C, is primarily dependent upon the characteristics of the flow lines
approaching and leaving the orifice. In turn, these flow lines are dependent on the
shape of the crest and the type of gate. Figure 9, which shows coefficients of
discharge for orifice’ flows for different angles, can be used for leaf gates or
radial gates located at the crest or downstream of the crest. The angle for a
particular opening is that angle formed by the tangent to the gate’lip and the
tangent to the crest
curve at the nearest-point of the crest curve for radial gates. This angle is affected
by the gate radius and the location of the trunnion pin.
Definition sketch for gated crests
Discharge coefficient for flow under gates