Week 1 - Ch4. Chemical Bonding

Chapter 4 – Atoms
Combining as Chemical
Bonding
1
Chemical Bond
A Quick Review….
• A bond results from the attraction of nuclei
for electrons
– All atoms are trying to achieve a stable octet
• IN OTHER WORDS
– the protons (+) in one nucleus are attracted to
the electrons (-) of another atom
• This is Electronegativity !!
2
Three Major Types of Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
– forms ionic compounds
– transfer of valence e-
• Metallic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
– forms molecules
– sharing of valence e-
– This is our focus this chapter
3
Ionic Bonding
• Always formed between metal cations
and non-metals anions
• The oppositely charged ions stick like
magnets
+ -
[METALS ] [NON-METALS ]
Lost e-
Gained e-
4
Metallic Bonding
• Always formed between 2 metals (pure
metals)
– Solid gold, silver, lead, etc…
5
Covalent Bonding
molecules
• Pairs of e- are
shared
between 2 non-
metal atoms to
acquire the electron
configuration of a
noble gas.
6
Covalent Bonding
• Occurs between nonmetal atoms which need to gain
electrons to get a stable octet of electrons or a filled outer
shell.
no
nm
et
a ls
Draw Lewis Dot Structures
You may represent valence electrons
from different atoms with the
following symbols x, ,
x
H or H or H
8
Covalent bonding
• The atoms form a covalent bond by
sharing their valence electrons to get a
stable octet of electrons.(filled valence
shell of 8 electrons)
• Electron-Dot Diagrams of the atoms are
combined to show the covalent bonds
• Covalently bonded atoms form
MOLECULES
Methane CH4
• This is the finished Lewis dot structure
• Every atom has a filled valence shell
How did we get here?
OR
10
General Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures
• All valence electrons of the atoms in Lewis structures must

be shown.
• Generally each atom needs eight electrons in its valence
shell (except Hydrogen needs only two electrons and
Boron needs only 6).
• Multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) can be formed by
C, N, O, P, and S.
• Central atoms have the most unpaired electrons.
• Terminal atoms have the fewest unpaired electrons.
11
• When carbon is one of you atoms, it will
always be in the center
• Sometimes you only have two atoms, so

there is no central atom
Cl2 HBr H2 O2 N2 HCl
• We will use a method called ANS

(Available, Needed, Shared) to help us draw
our Lewis dot structures for molecules
12
EXAMPLE 1: Write the Lewis structure for H2O where oxygen is the central atom.
Step 1: Determine the total number of electrons available for bonding. Because only valence
electrons are involved in bonding we need to determine the total number of valence electrons.
AVAILABLE valence electrons:
Electrons available
2H Group 1 2(1) = 2
O Group 6 6
8
There are 8 electrons available for bonding.
Step 2: Determine the number of electrons needed by

each atom to fill its valence shell.
NEEDED valence electrons
Electrons needed
2H each H needs 2 2(2) = 4
O needs 8 8
12
There are 12 electrons needed.
13
Step 3: More electrons are needed then there are available. Atoms therefore make bonds by sharing
electrons. Two electrons are shared per bond.
SHARED (two electrons per bond)
# of bonds = (# of electrons needed – # of electrons available) = (N-A) = (12 – 8) = 2 bonds.

2 2 2
Draw Oxygen as the central atom. Draw the Hydrogen atoms on either side of the oxygen atom.
Draw the 2 bonds that can be formed to connect the atoms.
OR
Step 4: Use remaining available electrons to fill valence shells for each atom. All atoms need 8 electrons
to fill their valence shell (except hydrogen needs only 2 electrons to fill its valence shell, and
boron only needs 6). For H2O there are 2 bonds, and 2 electrons per bond.
# available electrons remaining = # electrons available – # electrons shared = A-S = 8 – 2(2) = 4 extra e-s
14
Sometimes multiple bonds must be formed to get
the numbers of electrons to work out
• DOUBLE bond
– atoms that share two e- pairs (4 e-)
O O
• TRIPLE bond
– atoms that share three e- pairs (6 e-)
N N 15
16
Step 3: SHARED (two electrons per bond)
# of bonds = (N – A) = (20 – 12) = 4 bonds.

2 2
Draw carbon as the central atom (Hint: carbon is always the center when it is present!). Draw the
Hydrogen atoms and oxygen atom around the carbon atom. Draw 2 bonds of the 4 bonds that can
be formed to connect the H atoms. Draw the remaining 2 bonds to connect the O atom (oxygen
can form double bonds)
Step 4: Use remaining available electrons to fill valence shell for each atom.
# electrons remaining = Available – Shared = A – S = 12 – 4(2) = 4 extra e-s
17
Let’s Practice
H2
A=1x2=2
N=2x2=4
S = 4 - 2= 2 ÷ 2 = 1 bond
Remaining = A – S = 2 – 2 = 0
DRAW
18
Let’s Practice
CH4
A = C 4x1 = 4 H 1x4 = 4 4 + 4 = 8
N = C 8x1 = 8 H 2x4 = 8 8 + 8 = 16
S = (A-N)16 – 8 = 8 ÷2 = 4 bonds
Remaining = A-S = 8 – 8 = 0
DRAW
19
Let’s Practice
NH3
A = N 5x1 = 5 H 1x3 = 3 = 8
N = N 8x1 = 8 H 2x3 = 6 = 14
S = 14-8 = 6 ÷2 = 3 bonds
Remaining = (A-S) 8 – 6 = 2
DRAW
20
Let’s Practice
CO2
A = C 4x1 = 4 O 6x2 = 12 = 16
N = C 8x1 = 8 O 8x2 = 16 = 24
S = 24-16 = 8 ÷ 2 = 4 bonds
Remaining = (A-S) 16 – 8 = 8 not bonding
DRAW – carbon is the central atom
21
Let’s Practice
BCl3 boron only needs 6 valence electrons, it is an exception.
A = B 3 x 1 = 3 Cl 7 x 3 = 21 = 24
N = B(6) x 1 = 6 Cl 8 x 3 = 24 = 30
S = 30-24 = 6 ÷ 2 = 3 bonds
Remaining = 24 – 6 = 18 e- not bonding
DRAW
22

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Chapter 4 – Atoms

How did we get here?

• All valence electrons of the atoms in Lewis structures must

• Terminal atoms have the fewest unpaired electrons.

• Sometimes you only have two atoms, so

• We will use a method called ANS

Step 2: Determine the number of electrons needed by

SHARED (two electrons per bond)

# of bonds = (# of electrons needed – # of electrons available) = (N-A) = (12 – 8) = 2 bonds.

# of bonds = (N – A) = (20 – 12) = 4 bonds.

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