Unconventional Energy Generation

Compiled By
Rajneesh Vachaspati
RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable Energy
Resource - An essentially
inexhaustible energy
resource on a human time
scale.
Electricity Basics

• Electrical Current – how many electrons

• Voltage – how hard they’re pushed
• Power – what they can accomplish
• Circuit – where they can go
• Series Circuit – one pathway only
• Parallel Circuit – so many choices!
Parallel vs. Series Circuits

Parallel circuits Series circuits

•maintain potential (voltage is •maintain electrical flow (current
constant) is constant)
•Current is divided among •Voltage is divided among
components components
•If one light goes out, the others •Easy to open circuit quickly
stay lit
DC vs. AC

Direct Current Alternating Current

•“Battery power” •EASY to generate
• Electronics use •Can be transformed in voltage
•Requires prohibitively high •Can be limited while keeping
voltage to transmit over long voltage high
distance •Can be transmitted over long
distance without super-high
voltage
Photovoltaics
PV Cell
Conversion Efficiency
 PV Array
Components

oPV Cells
oModules
oArrays
PV System Components
Net Metering
Net Metering Participation
PV Array Fields
Advantages of Solar Energy
• Clean
• Sustainable
• Free
• Provide electricity to remote
places
Disadvantages of Solar Energy

•Less efficient and costly equipment

•Part Time
•Reliability Depends On Location
•Environmental Impact of PV Cell
Production
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING

Passive solar heating – captures sunlight directly with a

structure and converts it to low-temperature heat for space heating.
 
Advantages Disadvantages
1. save money 1. expensive for initial costs
2. create 2-5 more jobs/unit of electricity 2. aesthetically not pleasing
3. eliminate/reduce fossil fuels 3. latitude
4. less pollution
5. less environmental damage
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
 ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

Active solar heating – specially designed collectors absorb solar energy and
fan/pump distributes energy to parts of a building to meet space/water heating
needs.
  
Advantages Disadvantages
1. save money 1. expensive for initial costs
2. create 2-5 more jobs/unit of electricity 2. aesthetically not pleasing
3. eliminate/reduce fossil fuels 3. latitude
4. less pollution
5. less environmental damage
 
ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING
 SOLAR POWER TOWER

    Solar Power Tower –huge arrays of computer controlled mirrors that
track the sun and focus sunlight on a central heat collection tower.
(Mojave desert in California)
 
Advantages Disadvantages
Cost will drop as Costs 8X more to
Technology improves build
SOLAR POWER TOWER
 SOLAR THERMAL PLANT

1Solar Thermal Plant – sunlight is collected and focused on oil-filled pipes

that run through the middle of curved solar collectors.
 
Advantages Disadvantages
 1.     Can generate temperatures high 1. central receivers are
enough for industrial processes expensive to operate.
2. can supply back-up electricity
3. cheaper than nuclear
SOLAR THERMAL PLANT
 SOLAR COOKER

1Solar Cooker – focuses and concentrates sunlight in a box typically covered in

glass to trap infrared radiation waves to cook food in rural villages in developing
countries.
 
Advantages Disadvantages
Does not reduce deforestation 2-4 hours to cook average meal.

 
SOLAR COOKER
 Er. Rajneesh Vachaspati

Hydro Power Generation ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

HPTC,NPTI,NANGAL

Contents

Introduction

Types of hydro plants

Major components

Performance

Summary
 Introduction (1)

1. Hydro power plant => electricity from water power

2. Constitutes 25% of power generation in India (36885.8 MW)
3. Other functions of hydro plants:
Irrigation Flood mitigation Clean water supply
Reservoir

Penstock
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER
SCHEMES

• Based on Head Available

Ultra Low Head H<3M

Medium Head Scheme H <75 M

High Head Scheme H > 75 M

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO
POWER SCHEMES
• Based on Generation Capacity

CLASSIFICATI POWER RATING

ON

MICRO-HYDRO < 100 kW

MINI-HYDRO 100 kW – 3MW

SMALL-SCALE HYDRO 3 MW – 25 MW
 Types of hydro plants (1)

1. Hydro plants can be classified according to water flow/storage

characteristics
Run of river plants (mini hydro)
2. Types: Storage/reservoir plants
Pump storage plants

3. Type 1: Run of river plants:

a. Utilize the water flow as it runs through the year
b. No significant storage/dam for power generation
c. Typical for mini-hydro scheme => suitable for low
consumption at remote areas
d. Typical size : 10 - 1600 kW
 ENERGY & POWER OF WATER

Power Availability is a function of Discharge & Head,

Therefore Planning of Hydropower is

Planning of Discharge Hydrology

Sizing Of Project
Planning of Head Layout of Project
Principle of Turbines

In hydroelectric power generation , the basic energy for

power generation is derived from water.
 Pressure as well as kinetic energy of flowing water are used
to drive a runner in hydraulic turbine, which converts the
energy into mechanical energy.

36
Classification Of Turbines
Pelton Turbines (Impulse Turbine)
For Head Between 400-1500 Mtrs.

Francis Turbines (Reaction Turbine)

For Head Between 30-600 Mtrs.

Propeller/kaplan Turbines (Reaction Turbine)

For Head Between 2-80 Mtrs.

37
1) Type of Action on the runner
(a) Impulse Turbine (b) Reaction Turbine
2) Direction of Flow through Runner
(a) Tangential flow (b) Radial flow ( c) Axial flow
3) Head at inlet of Turbine
(a) High head (b) Medium head ( c ) Low head
4) According to specific speed
( a) High (b) Medium ( c) Low

38
Impulse Turbine
Series of buckets mounted on a ring wheel form the runner of a
Pelton turbine
Jet of water at high velocity strikes each of the buckets ,which in
turn causes wheel to rotate.
Wheel in turn is directly connected to the rotor of the generator.

39
Reaction Turbine
 If at the inlet of the turbine , the water posses K.E. as well as P.E,
then the turbine is known as Reaction Turbine.
 As the water flows through the Runner , the water is under pressure
and the pressure energy goes on changing into K.E.
 The Runner is completely enclosed in an air-tight casing and the
Runner & Casing is completely full of water.

40
Reaction Turbine
The water enters through a series of guide
vanes in a direction ,which is at right angle to
the shaft of the turbine and leaves the runner
nearly parallel to the shaft.
Hence we make use of both kinetic energy
and pressure of water to rotate the runner.
Reaction turbines are suitable for low heads
also since energy derived is much more even
at low heads.

41
42
Comparison of Impulse & Reaction Turbines

Experience has shown that under given conditions, wear

will be more in reaction turbines i.e. Propeller, Kaplan and
Francis. This is because water enters under pressure and the
under water components experience a severe erosive action
of water on the metal.

 In case of pelton wheels, water hits the buckets and

because of this impact, buckets wear out but this may not
be much as compared to the reaction turbines, where the
water is made to enter through constrained paths like vanes
and gates.

43
 SELECTION OF TYPE OF
TURBINE
Heads and discharges are the major criteria for the selection of
turbines. For low to medium heads, Kaplan turbines are
recommended: for medium to high heads having moderate
discharge, Francis turbines are recommended, for very high
heads, Pelton turbines are favoured.
Turbine Style                   Head(H) Range in Meters            

Kaplan and Propeller                       2 < H < 40                               

Francis                                         10 < H <350                              

Pelton                                           50 < H < 1300                          

Turbine Design Recommendations

Head Pressure
High Medium Low

Impulse Pelton Crossflow Crossflow

Turgo Turgo
Multi-jet Pelton Multi-jet Pelton

Reaction   Francis Propeller

Pump-as-Turbine Kaplan

45
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2 edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
nd
 Types of
Runaway=2 times (normal
Turbines speed) H=50-400 M
Francis (Ns=80- Medium
430)
( Reaction
Turbine) Low Head
H=Upto 50
Kaplan ( Ns=300- M
1000)
( Reaction Turbine )
Runaway=3 times (normal
speed)
Pelton(Ns=40 H= > 300
-80) M
High Head
( Impulse Runaway=1.75 times (normal
Turbine) speed)
46
Hydro plant: Pelton turbine
PELTON BUKETS
PELTON JETS
Hydro plant: Francis turbine
Francis Turbine Cross-Section
Schematic of Francis Turbine

56
GUIDE VANES
Lever Operating
Ring

Head Cove
Servomot
or
Bottom
Ring

Wicket Gate
Frances Turbine Distributor
60
Hydro plant: Kaplan turbine
 Fixed-Pitch Propeller Turbine

63
"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
 KAPLAN TURBINES
These types of turbines are usually used in
plants using low water heads, frequently
between 3 and 50 m.
Kaplan turbines, with horizontal, vertical and
also slanting centre lines, may be produced
with various configurations, depending on the
plant specifications.
 HYDROPOWER

Bhakhra Dam
 WIND POWER GENERATION

Propeller Wind farm

Blade • Strong winds
• Clear hilltop
• Turbines in prevailing
wind direction
Nacelle
containing
generator

Tower

Wind
The amount of power, and therefore electricity, a wind turbine can
produce is largely based on wind velocity using this equation:

Power = ½ ρAV 3 Higher wind

speed = lots
more power
Larger wind
ρ = air density; ~1 kg m 3
turbine =
A = swept area (π r2 )
more power
V = velocity (m s-1)
Power is
measured in
Watts
How much power can be generated in this
situation?
Power = ½ ρAV 3

ρ = air density; ~1 kg m3
A = swept area (π r2 )
V = velocity (m s-1)

Power is
measured in
Watts
 TIDAL POWER

1Tidal Power- power created from tidal energy

 
Advantages Disadvantages
1. tidal energy spins turbines 1. few suitable sites
2. Construction costs high

 
TIDAL POWER
 BIOMASS

Biomass – organic matter in plants produced through photosynthesis and can be burned
directly as a solid fuel or converted into a gas or liquid fuel.
1.     Burning wood
2.     Agricultural Waste
a.     Bagasse (sugar cane residue)
b.    Straw
3.     Urban Waste (WTE)
a. burning garbage
4.     Biofuels
a.     Biogas – a mixture of 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide.
b.    Liquid ethanol- (grain alcohol) – sugar + grain; mix gasoline + ethanol = gasohol
which can burned in conventional gasoline engines (super-unleaded)
c. Liquid methanol – wood alcohol
 BIOMASS

BAGASSE
WOOD

GARBAGE
SUGAR CANE
BIOGAS
 BIOMASS

Advantages Disadvantages
1. potentially renewable resource 1. removal of trees depletes
soil nutrients
2. less air pollutants released 2. soil erosion (turbidity)
3. decrease in use of fossil fuels 3. flooding
4. moderate-high net energy yield 4. loss of wildlife habitats
5. large land areas needed
6. heavy pesticide/fertilizer use
7. reduces biodiversity
8. reduces ecological integrity
 GEOTHERMAL

Geothermal Energy - Heat contained in underground rocks and

fluid that can be tapped for energy.
Extract dry steam, wet steam or hot water and can be used to heat
space or water.
“Potentially renewable resource”
22 countries currently use geothermal, it supplies 1% of world
energy. In the USA (44% geothermal energy produced worldwide)
geothermal electricity is produced mostly in Hawaii, California,
Nevada, and Utah.
 GEOTHERMAL

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Reliable 1. Scarcity of
reservoirs
2. Renewable 2. Deforestation to
3. Moderate Net Energy Yield build plants
4. 96% less CO2 emitted 3. Land subsidence
5. Competitive Cost 4. Noise, odor
GEOTHERMAL
 SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY

Improve energy efficiency

Increase local availability of renewable energy resources
Find transitional resources (natural gas, nuclear)
Government must promote R&D for alternative renewable energy resources.
Educate the public
All energy resources should compete in an open, free-market with NO government
control!
Government needs to implement constructive subsidies not destructive subsidies
to promote change, this will lead to conservation of resources and less over-
consumption.