Lecture 3 - Elasticity

EFT13103 APPLIED PHYSICS
Lecture 3 - Elasticity
CONTENT
 Definition
• Deformation
• Stress
• Strain
 odulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio
https://byjus.com/physics/poissons-ratio/
 Relationship between stress and strain
https://unacademy.com/content/nda/study-material/physics/relati
onship-between-stress-and-strain/
CONTENT
 Normal stress and strain
https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1
/pages/12-3-stress-strain-and-elastic-modulus
 Shear stress and strain
 Modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio
https://byjus.com/physics/poissons-ratio/
 Relationship between stress and strain
https://unacademy.com/content/nda/study-material/phys
ics/relationship-between-stress-and-strain/
DEFINITION
• Deformation
• A change in shape due to the application of a force
is known as a deformation. Even minimal forces
are known to cause some deformation.
• Deformation is experienced by objects or physical
media under the action of external forces, for
instance, this may be squashing, ripping,
squeezing, twisting, shearing, or pulling the objects
apart.
ACTION OF EXTERNAL FORCES
Squashing
Ripping Squeezing
Twisting Shearing
Pulling
DEFINITION
• Stress
• Generally defined as force per unit area.
• Thus, stress is a quantity that describes the
magnitude of forces that cause deformation in
a unit area.
DEFINITION
• Strain – the restoring force acting per unit area of
a body. Thus, stress is a quantity that describes
the magnitude of forces that cause deformation in
a unit area.
DEFINITION
• Normal stress – normal stress arises from forces
that are perpendicular to a cross-sectional area of
the material. The stress generated due to these
forces leads to a change in the length or volume of
the body. In hindsight, this stress occurs when an
axial force loads a member. The value of
the normal force for any prismatic section is
simply the force divided by the cross-sectional
area. Normal stress will occur when a member is
placed in tension or compression. Collar ties and
columns are examples of pure normal forces.
Longitudinal stress is a type of normal stress.
DEFINITION
• Longitudinal stress – longitudinal stress is
defined as restoring force per unit area when
the force is applied to the cross-sectional area
of the cylindrical body. Consider a cylinder
that we have to deform. If we apply the force
perpendicular to the cross-sectional area, a
restoring force develops in the cylinder in the
opposite direction. This restoring force per
unit area is known as longitudinal
stress. Longitudinal stress = Restoring
force/cross-sectional area.
DEFINITION
• Shear/tangential stress – shear or tangential stress is equal to a tangential
deforming force per unit area. Shear strain is the angle through which the
dimension perpendicular to the faces under deforming forces rotates.
• Bulk stress – bulk or volume stress is equal to the change in pressure. Bulk or
volume strain is the ratio of change in volume to the original volume.
• Longitudinal stress – longitudinal stress is equal to the deforming force per unit
area. Longitudinal strain is the ratio of change in length to the original length.
• Tensile stress – when there is an increase in length or elongation of the object
due to the application of an external force, the stress associated with it is called
tensile stress. We can easily observe tensile stress in the case of a rubber band.
• Compressive stress –
•
DEFINITION
• Strain – the ratio of the amount of deformation
(change of shape) experienced by the body in the
direction of force applied to the body's original
sizes. An object or medium under stress becomes
deformed. The quantity that describes this deformation
is called strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in
either length (under tensile stress) or volume (under
bulk stress) or geometry (under shear stress).
Therefore, strain is a dimensionless number. Strain
under tensile stress is called a tensile strain, strain
under bulk stress is called bulk strain
DEFINITION
• Strain – the ratio of the amount of deformation
experienced by the body in the direction of
force applied to the body's original sizes.
• Normal stress
• Shear stress
• Elasticity
• Poisson’s ratio
~ END OF LECTURE ~

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EFT13103 APPLIED PHYSICS

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