General Physics 1:

Motion in More than One

Dimension
 Motion in Two Dimensions
 Reminder of vectors and vector algebra
 Displacement and position in 2-D
 Average and instantaneous velocity in 2-D
 Average and instantaneous acceleration in 2-D
 Projectile motion
 Uniform circular motion
 Relative velocity*
Given the Map of some part of
Davao City
Scenario:

Let’s say we drive from SM Lanang to Tibungco

Public Market, we say roughly 14 km from SM
lanang to Tibungco Public Market. What is the
trajectory that you take once you get on the road?
How do you get from SM Lanang to Tibungco
Public Market? Is it a straight line? If not What is it?

February 5-8, 2013

 Vector and its components
 The components are the   
legs of the right triangle A  Ax  Ay
whose hypotenuse is A
 Ax  A cos( )  Ay 
 A  A2  A 2 and 1
  tan  
 Ay  A sin(x ) y  Ax 

 A   A 2  A 2
 x y

 Or,
Ay A
1  y 
tan    or   tan  
 Ax  Ax 
 Vector Algebra
  
 Which diagram can represent r  r2  r1 ?
 
r 
r
A)  B)
r1 r1 
   r1
r2 r2

 
C) 
r D)  r
r1 r1
 
r2 r2
Relative Velocity
 Motion in two dimensions
 Kinematic variables in one dimension
 Position: x(t) m
 Velocity: v(t) m/s
x
 Acceleration: a(t) m/s2

 Kinematic variables in three dimensions y


 Position: r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ
m 
v (t )  vx iˆ  v y ˆj  v z kˆ
 Velocity: 
a (t )  a x iˆ  a y ˆj  a z km/s
ˆ j
i
 Acceleration: m/s2 x
k
 All are vectors: have direction and z
magnitudes
 Position and Displacement
 In one dimension
x  x2 (t 2 )  x1 (t1 )
x1 (t1) = - 3.0 m, x2 (t2) = + 1.0 m
  
Δx = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m r  r2  r1

 In two dimensions
 Position: the position of an object is

described by its position vector r (t )
--always points to particle from origin.
  
 Displacement: r  r  r
2 1

r  ( x2iˆ  y2 ˆj )  ( x1iˆ  y1 ˆj )
 ( x2  x1 )iˆ  ( y2  y1 ) ˆj
 xiˆ  yˆj
 Average & Instantaneous Velocity

 Average velocity   r
vavg 
t
 x ˆ y ˆ
vavg  i j  vavg , x iˆ  vavg , y ˆj
t t
 Instantaneous velocity
 
  r dr
v  lim vavg  lim 
t 0 t  0 t dt

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v  i j  v xiˆ  v y ˆj
dt dt dt

 v is tangent to the path in x-y graph;

 Motion of a Turtle

A turtle starts at the origin and moves with the speed of v0=10 cm/s in
the direction of 25° to the horizontal.
(a) Find the coordinates of a turtle 10 seconds later.
(b) How far did the turtle walk in 10 seconds?
Average & Instantaneous Acceleration

 Average acceleration  v
aavg 
t
 v v y
aavg  x iˆ  ˆj  aavg , x iˆ  aavg , y ˆj
t t

 Instantaneous acceleration
  
  v dv  dv dvx ˆ dv y ˆ
a  lim aavg  lim  a  i j  a x iˆ  a y ˆj
t 0 t  0 t dt dt dt dt

 The magnitude of the velocity (the speed) can change

 The direction of the velocity can change, even though the
magnitude is constant
 Both the magnitude and the direction can change
 Summary in two dimension

 Position r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj

 r x ˆ y ˆ
 Average velocity vavg   i j  vavg , x iˆ  vavg , y ˆj
t t t
dx dy
 Instantaneous velocity v x  v y 
dt dt
 
 r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t )  lim   i j  v xiˆ  v y ˆj
t 0 t dt dt dt
dv x d 2 x dv y
d2y
 Acceleration ax   2 ay   2
dt dt dt dt
 
 v dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ
a (t )  lim   i j  a xiˆ  a y ˆj
t 0 t dt dt dt
  
 r (t), v ( t ), and a ( t ) are not necessarily same direction.
 Motion in two dimensions
 Motions in each dimension are independent components
 Constant acceleration equations
      12
v  v0  at r  r  v0t  2 at
 Constant acceleration equations hold in each dimension
v x  v0 x  a xt v y  v0 y  a y t
x  x0  v0 x t  12 a x t 2 y  y0  v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2 2
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) 2 2
v y  v0 y  2a y ( y  y0 )
 t = 0 beginning of the process;

 a  a x iˆ  a y ˆj where ax and ay are constant;
 
 Initial velocity 0 v  v 0x
ˆ
i  v 0y
ˆ
j initial displacement 0  x0iˆ  y0 ˆj;
r
 Hints for solving problems
 Define coordinate system. Make sketch showing axes,
origin.
 List known quantities. Find v0x , v0y , ax , ay , etc. Show initial
conditions on sketch.
 List equations of motion to see which ones to use.
 Time t is the same for x and y directions.
x0 = x(t = 0), y0 = y(t = 0), v0x = vx(t = 0), v0y = vy(t = 0).
 Have an axis point along the direction
v of va if 
it is
a constant.
t
v x  v0 x  a xt y 0y y

x  x0  v0 x t  12 a x t 2 y  y0  v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2 2
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) 2 2
v y  v0 y  2a y ( y  y0 )
 Projectile Motion
 2-D problem and define a coordinate
system: x- horizontal, y- vertical (up +)
 Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0
 Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
 Horizontal: ax = 0 , constant velocity motion
 Vertical: ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2, v0y = 0
 Equations:
Horizontal Vertical

v x  v0 x  a x t v y  v0 y  a y t
y f  yi  viy t  12 gt 2
x  x0  v0 x t  12 a x t 2 y  y0  v0 y t  12 a y t 2
2 2
v x  v0 x  2a x ( x  x0 ) v y 2  v0 y 2  2a y ( y  y0 )
 Projectile Motion
 X and Y motions happen independently, so
we can treat them separately

v x  v0 x v y  v0 y  gt
x  x0  v0 x t y  y0  v0 y t  12 gt 2
Horizontal Vertical

 Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0
 Horizontal motion + Vertical motion
 Horizontal: ax = 0 , constant velocity motion

 Vertical: ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2

 x and y are connected by time t
 y(x) is a parabola
 Projectile Motion
 2-D problem and define a coordinate
system.
 Horizontal: ax = 0 and vertical: ay = -g.
 Try to pick x0 = 0, y0 = 0 at t = 0.
 Velocity initial conditions:

v0 x  v0 cos  0
v0 can have x, y components.
v0 x  v0 sin  0
 v0x is constant usually.
v0y changes continuously.


Horizontal
 Equations:
Vertical
v x  v0 x v y  v0 y  gt
x  x0  v0 x t y  y0  v0 y t  12 gt 2
Trajectory of Projectile Motion
 Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0
v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0y = v0 sinθ0
 Horizontal motion:
x
x  0  v0 x t  t
v0 x
 Vertical motion:
y  0  v0 y t  12 gt 2
2
 x  g x 
y  v0 y     
 v0 x  2  v0 x 
g 2
y  x tan  0  2
x
2v0 cos 2  0

 Parabola;
 θ0 = 0 and θ0 = 90 ?
 What is R and h ?
 Initial conditions (t = 0): x0 = 0, y0 = 0
v0x = v0 cosθ0 and v0x = v0 sinθ0, then
x  0  v0 x t 0  0  v0 y t  12 gt 2 h
2v0 y 2v0 sin  0
t 
g g
2
2v cos  0 v0 sin  0 v0 sin 2 0
R  x  x0  v0 x t  0 
g g
2
2 t g  t 
h  y  y0  v0 y t h  12 gt h  v0 y   
2 2 2
2 Horizontal Vertical
v0 sin 2  0
h v y  v0 y  gt
2g v x  v0 x
2v0 y
v y  v0 y  gt  v0 y  g  v0 y x  x0  v0 xt y  y0  v0 y t  12 gt 2
g
 Projectile Motion
at Various Initial Angles
 Complementary 2
v0 sin 2
values of the initial R
angle result in the g
same range
 The heights will be
different
 The maximum range
occurs at a projection
angle of 45o
 Uniform circular motion

Constant speed, or, Motion along a circle:

constant magnitude of velocity Changing direction of velocity
 Circular Motion: Observations
 Object moving along a
curved path with constant
speed
 Magnitude of velocity: same
 Direction of velocity: changing
 Velocity: changing
 Acceleration is NOT zero!
 Net force acting on the
object is NOT zero  
 “Centripetal force” Fnet  ma
 Uniform Circular Motion
 Centripetal acceleration vi
v r vr Δv = vf - vi
 so, v  vf
v r r vi y B
A vf
v r v v 2
  Δr
t t r r R
ri rf
v v 2
ar  
t r O
x
 Direction: Centripetal
 Uniform Circular Motion
 Velocity:  
 Magnitude: constant v
ac  v
 The direction of the velocity is
v2
tangent to the circle ac 
r

 Acceleration: v2
 Magnitude: ac 
r
 directed toward the center of the
circle of motion
 Period:
 time interval required for one
complete revolution of the 2r
particle T
v
 Summary

 Position r (t )  xiˆ  yˆj

 r x ˆ y ˆ
 Average velocity vavg   i j  vavg , x iˆ  vavg , y ˆj
t t t
dx dy
 Instantaneous velocity v x  v y 
dt dt
 
 r dr dx ˆ dy ˆ
v (t )  lim   i j  v xiˆ  v y ˆj
t 0 t dt dt dt
dv x d 2 x dv y
d2y
 Acceleration ax   2 ay   2
dt dt dt dt
 
 v dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ
a (t )  lim   i j  a xiˆ  a y ˆj
t 0 t dt dt dt
  
 r (t), v (t ), and a (t ) are not necessarily in the same direction.
 Summary
 If a particle moves with constant acceleration a, motion
equations are    2
rf  ri  vi t  12 at

rf  x f iˆ  y f ˆj  ( xi  v xi t  12 a xit 2 )iˆ  ( yi  v yi t  12 a yi t 2 ) ˆj
  
v  vi  at

v f (t )  v fx iˆ  v fy ˆj  (vix  a x t )iˆ  (viy  a y t ) ˆj

 Projectile motion is one type of 2-D motion under constant

acceleration, where ax = 0, ay = -g.