Computer Network

A group of computers and other

networking devices connected by a
common method to share resources are
knows as data or Computer Network.
Three basic components of a N/W are:
Hardware
Software
Protocols
C0mponents of N/W
Hardware: The all physical components
required to setup Network.
Software: A set of programs which control
and manage the H/W, provides Interface to
the end user & support to application S/W.
Protocols: A set of communication rules
which help devices to interact with each
other and sent and receive information.
Types of Networking Modals
The networking modal defines how
computers are connected on a N/W to
fulfill the different roles to be performed
by them.
They are two primary networking
modals used to define this interaction
known as:
Client/Server Modal &
Peer to Peer or (Workgroup)
Client/Server Modal
On a C/S modal certain computers act as a
server and rest as a clients.
A server is a machine running some specific
applications or program and provides some
sort of services to other computers.
For example: FS, PS, DC’s, DNS, DHCP &
Web Server etc.
In a C/S modal user’s database and all other
security settings are stored on a central server
known as Domain Controller (DC).
Client/Server Modal, continue…
Users log on to the DC instead of logging on
to the individual machines and DC provides
authentication.
Provides flexibility to administrator to control
access to entire N/W from a central location.
C/S modal is used in medium to large
enterprise N/Ws.
All modern computer N/W’s are based on
Client/Server modal.
Workgroup
In a workgroup model there is no client-
server relationship.
Each individual system maintains its own
users database and other security settings.
Unlike C/S modal, Users log on to the local
machine and each machine provides
authentication to its own users only.
Used in very small N/W, usually limited to 15
to 20 computers.
Doesn’t provide kind of flexibility & scalability
like C/S model.
Types of Networks
Types of Networks and other terminology
used to define different types of Networks.
Local Area Network, (LAN)
Wide Area Network, (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network, (MAN)
Internet, Intranet & extranet.
Lets discuss them one by one.
Local Area Network
A LAN is a group of computers and other
N/wing devices connected together to share
resources.
Located in relatively small area, such as
within a room, building, campus or premises.
Devices used in LAN includes: PC’s, Hubs,
Bridges, Switches, Routers, Firewall etc.
The protocols or standard used in a LAN
includes Ethernet, Token Ring & FDDI.
Wide Area Network
WAN spread across large geographic
area.
Provides connectivity between two or
more remote LAN’s.
Requires services of third party (Carrier).
Slower data transmission speed compare
to LAN.
Metropolitan Area Network
MAN is usually confined within city.
Like WAN connects two or more LAN’s
within the same geographical area.
Like WAN, requires services of third party
(Carrier).
Can provide high transmission speed like
LAN.
Internet & Intranet
Internet: is a Network of Networks!
A Network to be called as Internet, any
unknown external user or users are
allowed to access the part of resources of
the Network.
Intranet: An intranet is a private N/W.
It can be a collection of LAN, MAN & WAN.
Users access the resources from within the
organization (locally).
Extranet
Extranet is a extended intranet.
Some services are made available to known
users or business partners.
They can access resources from outside the
organization (remotely) like home or office.
In intranet users access the resources from
within the organization while in a extranet
some known users are allowed to access the
recourses from the outside Network.
LAN Protocols/Media type
Three major LAN protocols or Media Type
Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI can be use
to setup your LAN.
Of the three Ethernet is most popular LAN
technology and has the largest installation
base throughout the world.
Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data
Interface (FDDI) are distant second and
third.
Ethernet -- LAN
Today’s most LAN’s are based on the
Ethernet technology!
Why Ethernet is popular:
Scalable – 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps
Easy to implement
Easy to troubleshoot
Open standard
Ethernet
Ethernet & other LAN protocols function at
the data link layer of the OSI RM.
There are two variants of Ethernet, IEEE’s
and DIX implementation.
Ethernet was first developed by Digital,
Intel & Xerox and known as DIX.
DIX’s Ethernet was proprietary and its
current version is called Ethernet - II
Ethernet
IEEE’s Ethernet is based on open standard.
It was developed by Institute of Electrical &
Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
There is three essential components of
Ethernet:
CSMA/CD
Frame Format
Transmission Media
CSMA/CD
Ethernet uses the CSMA/CD mechanism to
send & receive data in a shared environment.
Carrier Sense: In a ethernet N/W when any
device wants to transmit data first it listen to
the carrier weather the carrier is free or not
and this phase is known as Carrier Sense.
NIC detects (sense) the frames in the wire
(Carrier) by examining the voltage levels or
light frequency on the wire
CSMA/CD……….
Multiple Access: All the devices can sense
the carrier simultaneously as Ethernet
supports multiple access and this phase in
known as Multiple Access.
In other words no device has priority over
any other device.
Any device which finds the carrier free
starts transmitting data otherwise they wait
for some specific time and again sense the
carrier.
CSMA/CD………
Collision Detection Phase: When any
machine places frames (data) on the wire it
examines the status of the wire.
If two NIC transmit frames at the same time, a
collision occur.
If NIC’s sense collisions on the wire they send
a Jam signal and all machines stop sending or
receiving data, & this is C. Detection phase.
Thereafter machines wait for a small random
period and again start sensing the carrier.
Transmission Media
Transmission media are used to carry data.
It can be wired or wireless media, however
wired media is a primary method for
connecting networking devices in a LAN.
Three types of cables are most common:
Coaxial Cables
UTP/STP Cables &
Fiber Optic Cables.
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial and UTP/STP cables are based on
copper and carry data in electrical signals.
Coaxial cables earlier used in Bus Topology
Network.
BNC connectors were used with coaxial
cables to connect devices.
This type of N/W doesn’t exist today.
However, coaxial cables are still used by
cable TV Network.
UTP Cables
Unshielded twisted pair cables (UTP) are most
common medium (cable) used in LAN.
UTP cables comes in different grade known as
Cat- 1 to 6.
The grades defines speed & length of the cable.
The speed range from 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps,
Max. length can be up to 500 M.
In most of the LAN cat-5 cables are used which
support 10 – 100 mbps transmission speed.
UTP Cables……
The cable has 8 wires arrange in 4 pairs.
Each pairs are twisted, twisting prevents signals
on different wires from interfering with each
other’s signals (called Cross Talk)
Crosstalk is the unwanted signal interference from
adjacent pairs in the cable.
Only 2 pairs (4 wires) used, one pair for
transmitting and one pair for receiving signals.
RJ-45 connectors are used to crimped the wires
in to Registered Jack.
STP Cables
Similar to UTP, but it has only two pairs of
wires.
Provide additional shielding to each wires.
Additional shielding make it more resistance
proof to the outside interference.
Mostly used in Token Ring Network.
Token Ring Network also use UTP cables.
Fiber Optic Cables
Fiber optic cables uses Glass or fiber filament
and carry signals in the form of light.
Complete resistant proof to the electro -magnetic
interference compare to UTP/STP.
Subject to less attenuation (the tendency of the
signals to get weaker as it travels across the
wire) compare to copper cables.
Signals can travel to very long distance.
Straight Trip (ST) & Subscriber Connector (SC)
are used with fiber cables.
Ethernet Cabling
Straight-through cable
PC Switch or Hub
Router Switch or Hub

Crossover cable
Switch Switch
Hub Hub
PC PC
Ethernet Cabling

1 T+
2 T-
3 R+
6 R-

Pin 1&2 are used for transmission and 3&6 are

user for receiving.
Straight connection Cross connection

1 1
2 2
3 3
6 6
Ethernet Cabling
Straight & Crossover connection

STRAIGHT CROSS
OW – OR GW – G
GW – BL OW – BL
BW – GR BLW- O
BRW - BR BRW-BR
Frame Format
The frame format defines how data is encap-
sulated (package) when transmitted from
one machine to another.
All computers must use same type of frames
while communicating with in the same N/W.
IEEE’s Ethernet frame is divided into 2 parts
knows as 802.2 (LLC) upper layer and 802.3
(MAC) sublayer.
Ethernet Frame

Source Destination MAC

Preamble MAC MAC Add. Length layer
802.3
Address

802.2 LLC Encapsulated frame FCS LLC

Data (variable) (64–1500) 802.2
Frame Format
MAC-802.3: Media Access Control defines
MAC addressing and how frames are placed
& transmitted across media.
LLC-802.2: Logical Link Control is
responsible for Identifying which network
layer has created data and for encapsulating
them.
MAC Addressing
The data link layer uses MAC address for
transmission of data.
MAC address is 48 bits in length and
represented as a hexadecimal number.
The values used range from 0–9 and A–F.
The first six digit is assigned to manufacturer
of the LAN card by IEEE & known as OUI.
The last six digits are used to uniquely
represent the NIC within the OUI value.
MAC Addressing

24 bits 24 bits
OUI- Assigned by- Vendor Assigned
IEEE
00-02-44 0C-AC-62

The combination of OUI & serial No. is a

unique Number.
Types of communication
Half Duplex: In half duplex mode only one
machine can send or receive data at a time.
Full Duplex: In full duplex environment
devices can send & receive data
simultaneously.
Simplex: Simplex communication refers
where you can receive the message but you
can’t reply.
Types of Messages
Unicast: A unicast message is intended
for one to one communication.
Multicast: A multicast message represents a
group of devices within the network.
Broadcast: A broadcast message is intended
for all devices within the network.
Types of Messages
Unicast: One to one
Types of Messages
Multicast: One to a group
Types of Messages
Broadcast: One to all
Baseband Vs Broadband
In Baseband N/W transmission media can
carry one signal at a time to transmit data
across media. UTP and Fiber optic cables
are example of Baseband media.
Broadband uses a different technique to
carry multiple signals across the wire
simultaneously. Coaxial and optical fiber are
example of broadband media.
 Advantages of Router
Routers provides connectivity between different
N/W based on (logical) IP address.
By using logical addressing at layer-3 routers
allows you to build hierarchical networks that
scale to very large size!
They contain broadcasts and can be used to
solve broadcast problems.
Routers allow to connect different media types
together, such as Ethernet, Token Ring & FDDI.
Created & designed by M. ASIM KHAN
CCNA Trainer, Institute of Advance-
Computing & Management (IACM),
South Ex. N. Delhi
asim_iacm@rediffmail.com