4-1 Atomic Theory Sci 10 Summer School '17

4.
1 Atomic Theory
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that
still has the properties of that element
•
• 50 million atoms, lined up end to end = 1 cm
•
• An atom = proton(s) + neutron(s) + electron(s)
•
• Atoms join together to form compounds.
• A compound is a pure substance that is composed of
two or more atoms combined in a specific way.
•
• Oxygen and hydrogen are atoms/elements; H2O is a
compound.
•
• A chemical change occurs when the arrangement of
atoms in compounds changes to form new
compounds
• Atoms are made up of smaller particles called
subatomic particles.
• The nucleus is at the centre of an atom. The nucleus
is composed of protons and neutrons.
•
• Electrons exist in the space surrounding the nucleus.
•
• # of protons = # of electrons in every atom
• Nuclear charge = charge on the nucleus = # of protons
•
• Atomic number = # of protons = # of electrons
•
• In the periodic table elements are listed in order by
their atomic number.
• Metals are on the left (the transition metals range
from group 3 to group 12), non-metals are on the
right, and the metalloids form a “staircase” toward
the right side.
•
• Rows of elements (across) are called periods. All
elements in a period have their electrons in the same
general area around their nucleus.
• Columns of elements are called groups, or families.
All elements in a family have similar properties and
bond with other elements in similar ways.
• Group 1 = alkali metals

• Group 2 = alkaline earth metals
• Group 17 = the halogens
• Group 18 = noble gases
• Atoms gain and lose electrons to form bonds. The
atoms become electrically charged particles called
ions.
•
• Metals lose electrons and become positive ions
(cations).
• Some metals (multivalent) lose electrons in different
ways
• For example, iron, Fe, loses either two (Fe2+) or three
(Fe3+) electrons
•
• Non-metals gain electrons and become negative ions
(anions).
• Atoms gain and lose electrons in an attempt to have
the same number of valence electrons (electrons
farthest from the nucleus) as the nearest noble gas in
the periodic table.
• Bohr diagrams show how many electrons appear in
each
electron shell around an atom. Electrons in the
outermost shell are called valence electrons.
•
• Think of the shells as being 3-D like spheres, not 2-D
like circles.
•
• (example Sodium)
• Electrons appear in shells in a very predictable
manner. There is a maximum of two electrons in the
first shell, eight in the 2nd shell, and eight in the 3rd
shell.
• The period number = the number of shells in the
atom. Except for the transition elements, the last digit
of the group number = the number of electrons in the
valence shell.
•
• When two atoms get close together, their valence
electrons interact. If the valence electrons can
combine to form a low-energy bond, a compound is
formed.
• Each atom in the compound attempts to have the
stable number of valence electrons as the nearest
noble gas.
•
• Metals may lose electrons and non-metals may gain
electrons (ionic bond), or atoms may share electrons
(covalent bond).
• Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from
positive ions to negative ions. Covalent bonds form
when electrons are shared between two non-metals.
•
• Electrons stay with their atom but overlap with other
shells.
• Ionic bonds are formed between positive ions and
negative ions.
• Generally, this is a metal (+) and a non-metal (-) ion.
For example, lithium and oxygen form an ionic bond in
the compound Li2O.
• Lewis diagrams illustrate chemical bonding by
showing only an atom’s valence electrons and the
chemical symbol.
•
• Dots representing electrons are placed around the
element symbols at the points of the compass (north,
east, south, and west). Electron dots are placed singly
until the fifth electron is reached then they are paired.
• Lewis diagrams can be used to represent ions and
ionic bonds.
•
• For positive ions, one electron dot is removed from
the valence shell for each positive charge.
• For negative ions, one electron dot is added to each
valence shell for each negative charge.
•
• Square brackets are placed around each ion to
indicate transfer of electrons.
• Lewis diagrams can also represent covalent bonds.
Like Bohr diagrams, valence electrons are drawn to
show sharing of electrons.
• The shared pairs of electrons are usually drawn as a
straight line.
•
• Diatomic molecules, like O2, are also easy to draw as
Lewis diagrams.

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4.

• Group 1 = alkali metals

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