Brawley Middle

Sixth Grade Science

Matter: properties and change

Christophe Fatton
 Objectives 1
• Recognize that all matter is made up of atoms.
• Recognize that atoms of the same element are
similar, but different from atoms of other
elements
 Definition of Matter

• anything that has mass and takes up space

• Water in a bucket
 Key concepts
• Key Concepts
• Chemistry is the study of matter.
• Matter is made up of extremely tiny particles called
atoms and molecules.
• Atoms and molecules make up the three common
states of matter on Earth—solids, liquids, and gases.
• The particles of a liquid are attracted to one another,
are in motion, and are able to move past one another.
• Being a solid, liquid, or gas is a property of a substance.
 Atoms and molecules
• Atoms are the tiny particles that are considered
to be the basic building blocks of all matter.
• The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons.
The shell has the electrons. The protons and
electrons are positively or negatively charged.

• Molecules are made of two or more atoms that

are connected or bonded together.
 Matter—Solid, Liquid, Gas
• On Earth, matter is either found as a solid,
liquid, or gas.
 Matter—Solid, Liquid, Gas
• particles (atoms or molecules) that make up
the solid, liquid, and gas are moving
•Matter (solid, liquid, and gas) is made up of tiny
particles called atoms and molecules.
•The atoms or molecules that make up matter are always
in motion.
•These first two ideas make up a very important theory
called the Kinetic-molecular theory of matter.
Basically the state of a sample of matter depends on
TEMPERATURE!
 Matter—Solid, Liquid, Gas
• Atoms or molecules that make up solid, liquid
or gas are attracted to one another
 Comparing matter
solids liquids gases

attractions Atoms or molecules Atoms or molecules Atoms or molecules

are very attracted to are attracted to one are barely attracted to
one another another one another

movement Vibrate but do not Vibrate but are able to Vibrate and move
move past one move past one freely past each other
another another

Volume Have a definite Have a definite Does not have

and shape volume and definite volume, but does not definite volume or
shape have a definite shape definite shape
 Properties of Matter
 Matter has both physical and chemical
properties.

 It can also be classified according to these

physical and chemical properties.
 Matter’s Physical Properties
• Physical properties: can be observed without
changing the make-up, or identity, of matter.
Examples of Physical Properties
Phys ica l What Students Should Graphic
Pr ope rties What It Means
Understand

Color, size, shape, Physical properties can be

texture, luster observed using the senses
Appearance
(how a substance to identify and describe
matter.
reflects light)

Buoyancy applies to both

Tendency to float or liquids and gases and is
Buoyancy rise in a fluid (liquid or determined in part by
gas) density and fluid
displacement.

Most substances have a

Temperature at which a unique boiling point that can
Boiling Point substance changes from be used with other
a liquid to a gas properties to identify
substances.

Heat, sound, and electricity

Ability of a substance travel better through some
Conductivity to conduct heat, sound, substances (conductors)
or electricity than through others
(insulators).

When two substances have

the same volume, the one
with greater mass has
greater density. For
Amount of matter in a example, a cup of feathers
Density given volume; expressed and a cup of marbles have
as D = m/v the same volume, but
because the cup of marbles
has greater mass it has a
greater density. Students
will calculate density.

This property is often used

Ability of a substance
to determine if a substance
Ductility to be pulled into a thin
can be used to make wire.
strand, such as a wire
Physical properties cont..

Ability of a substance
A harder substance will
Hardness to resist being
scratch a softer substance.
scratched

Without touching them, a

magnet pulls on all things
Magnetism Ability to attract iron made of iron and either
pushes or pulls on other
magnets.

This property is used to

Ability of a substance to determine if a substance
Malleability be pressed or pounded can be rolled into thin
into a thin sheet sheets. (example: aluminum
foil).
 Matter’s Chemical Properties
• Chemical Property: ability to change new
matter with different properties.
• Chemical Property: new substance has
chemical and physical properties different
from the original substance.
• Chemical reaction: When one or more
substances change to form one or more new
substances.
Chemical Property
Example of Chemical Properties

Chemical
What It Means What Students Should Understand
Property
    A reaction with oxygen results in
Reactivity with Ability of a substance to react processes such as rusting and tarnishing
oxygen with oxygen of some metals.
Not all substances react with oxygen.
This knowledge is used in the real world to
    prevent rusting and tarnishing. For
Non-reactivity with Ability of a substance to resist example, a metal that is reactive with
oxygen reacting with oxygen oxygen can be coated or galvanized with a
non-reactive substance to prevent rusting
or tarnishing.
Everything will burn, given a high enough
temperature. When a substance burns,
   
ash and smoke may not be given off.
Flammability Ability of a substance to burn
Fumes, which may be toxic, can be a
product of the reaction.
  This property is useful in the real world
 
Ability of a substance to resist when selecting certain substances that
Non-flammability
burning must withstand extreme heat.
 Physical and Chemical Changes
• Physical change: only the physical properties of matter, but not the
chemical properties.
» Burning paper into ash

• Chemical change: demonstrate that new substances can be made

when two or more substances are chemically combined and
compare the properties of the new substances to the original
substances
• You can tell a chemical change has occurred if
the density, melting point or freezing point of the
original substance changes.
• Many common signs of a chemical change can be
seen (bubbles forming, mass changed, etc).
Characteristics of Physical Changes
• Melting point • Density
• Boiling point • Electrical conductivity
• Vapor pressure • Solubility
• Color • Adsorption to a surface
• State of matter • Hardness
 Definitions
• Melting point: the temperature at which a
given solid will melt.
 Definitions
• Boiling point: The temperature at which a
liquid boils and turns to vapor.
 Definition
• Volume: The quantity of three-dimensional
space enclosed by some closed boundary, for
example, the space that a substance (solid,
liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or
contains. Volume is often quantified
numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic
meter. LXWXH=V
Fahrenheit vs Celsius
 Definitions
• Density: the degree of compactness of a
substance. D= m divided by volume
• degree of consistency measured by the
quantity of mass per unit volume.
 Mass
• Definition: A measure of how much matter is in an
object.

• Mass is commonly measured by how much

something weighs. But weight can change
depending on where you are (such as on the
moon) while the mass stays the same.
• Mass is measured in grams, kilograms and, tonnes
(Metric) or ounces and pounds (US units)
 Weight
• Definition the force of gravity on the object
and may be defined as the mass times the
acceleration of gravity, w = mg
• Gravity= 98.1 m/s2 (meter per second
squared)
Characteristic of Chemical Changes
• Reaction with Acids • Ability to act as
• Reaction with bases reducing Agent
(alkalis) • Reaction with other
• Reaction with oxygen elements
(combustion) • Decomposition into
• Ability to act an simpler Substances
oxidizing agent • Corrosion(corrodes)
 Observations of chemical change
• Formation of gas (bubbles)
• Color change
• Exchange of heat energy (endothermic
exothermic reactions)
• Production of light
• Precipitate forms
 Examples of Chemical change
• Burning a log of wood
• Frying or boiling an egg
• Photosynthesis - a process in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into
sugars by plants
• Rotting of fruits
• Roasting a marshmallow
• Digestion of food
• Moldy cheese
• Souring of milk
• Cracking heavy hydrocarbons to create lighter hydrocarbons
• Burning of paper
• Polymerization of gels
• Different metabolic reactions in the cells
• Decomposition of waste in a compost pit
Comparing Physical and Chemical Changes
Description Is it Physical? Is it Chemical?
X
Burning coal  

 
Mixing salt & pepper X

 
Dissolving sugar in tea X

 
Melting an iron rod X

X
A can rusting  

X
Cooking scrambled eggs  

 
Water freezing into ice cubes X

X
Fireworks exploding  

 
Sawing wood to make a cabinet X

X
Bread baking  
 Law of conservation of mass
• Definition: mass is neither created nor
destroyed during a chemical reaction – it is
conserved.
• Although chemical changes occurred, the total mass
involved in the reaction remain constant.
• Example: If you light a match, it converts the
sulfur into gas, and leaves the carbon behind
that was there originally, the whole time
having the same original mass in the system.
 Composition of Matter
 Pure substance: usually referred to a
substance
 Definition: matter that has distinct properties and a
composition that doesn’t vary from sample to sample.
 Example of pure substance: it can be an element,
compound or a mixture.
 Substances
Substances are either elements or compounds.

 Elements: it cannot be decomposed into simpler

substances. On the molecular level, each element
is compose of only one kind of atoms.
Elements
 Structure of an atom
• Protons: positively charged subatomic particle located in
the nucleus of an atom. It is counted to identify the atomic
number
• Neutrons: has the same amount of electrons as protons;
they are equal.
• Electrons: negatively charged subatomic particle located in
the electron cloud.
 The parts of an atom

• http
://www.iknowthat.com/ScienceIllustrations/atoms/
science_desk.swf
 Compound and Mixtures
• Compound: substances composed of two or
more elements, so they contain two or more
kinds of atoms.
• Mixtures: combinations of two or more
substances in which each substance retains its
own chemical identity.
Compound and mixture