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Aviation Ii Training 2023: Basic Weather Observation and Reporting BY

This document provides an overview of a basic weather observation and reporting training course for aviation personnel. The objectives are to acquaint trainees with observing, interpreting, and reporting weather according to ICAO standards to enhance safety. Key topics covered include the six elements of weather, associated observation instruments, weather hazards like wind, poor visibility, and thunderstorms and their impacts on aircraft operations. The responsibilities of weather observers in reporting significant phenomena and advising air operations are also discussed.

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shepherd jeremiah
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74 views

Aviation Ii Training 2023: Basic Weather Observation and Reporting BY

This document provides an overview of a basic weather observation and reporting training course for aviation personnel. The objectives are to acquaint trainees with observing, interpreting, and reporting weather according to ICAO standards to enhance safety. Key topics covered include the six elements of weather, associated observation instruments, weather hazards like wind, poor visibility, and thunderstorms and their impacts on aircraft operations. The responsibilities of weather observers in reporting significant phenomena and advising air operations are also discussed.

Uploaded by

shepherd jeremiah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AVIATION II TRAINING

2023
BASIC WEATHER OBSERVATION AND REPORTING

BY LT. MAYRES NDYASIIMA


AIMS OF THE COURSE

• To acquaint the ALO with basic weather observation, interpretation and reporting practices to
enhance safety in air operations.

• WHY WEATHER COURSE

• ICAO-REQUIREMENT - ANNEX 3

• REGULARITY
• EFFICIENCY
• SAFETY.
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE UNIT
• By the end of the training, the trainees should be able to:-
i. Define weather and state the components of weather.
ii. Identify the hazards associated with the major components of
weather in relation to air operations.
iii. Assemble and transmit a simple weather report.
iv. Interpret a weather report and extract key information for safe air
operations.
v. Offer advisory to air operations in relation to weather.
WEATHER
• Weather is the average condition of the atmosphere of a place,
recorded/observed for a short period of time.
• Components/Elements of Weather
For air operations, the elements/components of weather observed include:-
1. Surface wind
2. Visibility
3. Present weather
4. Clouds
5. Temperature
6. Atmospheric pressure
SURFACE WIND
• Wind is the air in motion
• Wind direction is measured using wind vane in degrees Celsius.
• Wind speed is measured by using Anemometer in m/s, Knots, or m/hr.
• For Automated Weather Observing Service (AWOS), the values of
wind are taken from DAVIS device.
• Wind direction and speed can also be estimated by using
windsock/flag and Beaufort scale.
MAGNETIC CAMPASS –TRUE NORTH
WINDSOCK - Estimating windspeed/direction.
WIND VANE-WIND DIRECTION
ANEMOMETER -WIND SPEED
VISIBILITY

Visibility is the greatest distance an observer under a normal vision can


see and recognize an object at a suitable distance with dimensions.
• Visibility is measured in meters or Kilometers.
• REFERES POINTS are marked, known distances.
• Visibility is good +10kms
• Visibility is reduced ,9000,8000,2000 500 etc.give a reason ,wx
present.Eg Fog, Rain,haze,dust.
WEATHER
• Present weather/ Weather phenomena is a significant atmospheric
phenomena at the time of observation. It is reported in the
recommended WMO present weather codes. E.g
DZ……Drizzle HZ………..Haze
SH……Shower FU………..Smoke
RA……Rain
TS –thunderstorms/lightening FG…………Fog
DU…..Dust storm
CLOUDS
• A Cloud is a visible aggregate of minute particles of water or ice or both in the free
atmosphere.
• Clouds are classified in terms of:-
a) Height
HIGH CLOUDS. (i.e cirrus, cirro cumulus and cirro stratus)
MEDIUM CLOUDS .(i.e Alto cumulus, Alto stratus, Strato cumulus and Nimbo
stratus)
LOW CLOUDS .(i.e Stratus, Nimbus and Nimbo stratus)
b) Appearance
Hooked, Layered and Heaped
Cloud amount is estimated in terms of; clear sky, Few, scattered, Broken and Overcast.
TEMPERATURE

• Air temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a place.


• Dew point temperature is the temperature to which air must be
cooled at a constant pressure for condensation to occur.
• Temperature is measured by Thermometer in Degrees Celsius or
degrees Fahrenheit.
PRESSURE

• Atmospheric pressure is the weight exerted by a column of air on the


underlying earth surface .
• It’s measured by barometer in inches or millibars(Hectopascal) with
reference to mean sea level.
WEATHER RELATED HAZARDS IN
AVIATION
Effects of wind on Air crafts
• An airplane in flight is acted on by four forces:
• LIFT, the upward acting force;
• GRAVITY, the downward acting force;
• THRUST, the forward acting force;
• DRAG, the backward acting force (also called wind resistance).
Lift opposes gravity and thrust opposes drag .
COMMON TYPES OF WIND
• SIGNIFICANT WINDS FOR AIRCRAFT OPS
• Headwind. A headwind is wind blowing directly towards the front of
the aircraft. A headwind increases drag. Land ,take off towards it

• Tailwind. A tailwind is wind blowing directly towards the rear of the


aircraft. A tailwind assists the aircraft’s propulsion systems.
• Crosswind. Winds blowing in any other direction than a headwind or
tailwind.
HOW DOES WIND AFFECT AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

• 1. Why Are Headwinds Good For Takeoff And Landing?


• headwinds During takeoff help to increase lift, meaning a lower ground speed and a shorter
runway distance is needed for the plane to get airborne.
• Landing into the wind has similar advantages; less runway is needed and ground speed is lower at
touchdown.

• crosswinds and tailwinds make takeoff and landing more challenging and at times can mean it is not
possible to attempt either. Every aircraft has set limits for takeoff and landing in a cross wind and is not
permitted to operate if conditions exceed those limits.
• Tailwinds are useful to travel faster and save on fuel as less power is needed to drive the aircraft in the
direction it needs to go.
• Headwinds mean the exact opposite; more fuel is needed and the flight will take more time. 
• A crosswind pushing from the side can cause you to drift off course, so the plane’s direction must be
adjusted to keep it moving along the right path despite the wind.
WEATHER RELATED HAZARDS IN
AVIATION INDUSTRY
1. wind
Cross wind
WEATHER RELATED HAZARDS IN
AVIATION INDUSTRY
POOR VISIBILITY
• POOR VISIBILITYloaa -HEAVY RAIN
THUNDERSTORM AND LIGHTNING
WEATHER RELATED HAZARDS IN AVIATION INDUSTRY
present weather/ Weather phenomena

RAINFALL WITH THUNDERSTORM FOG


WEATHER REPORTING
• METAR/SPECI REPORT
METAR is a regularly reported weather observation in aviation (e.g hourly)
SPECI is a special weather observation report.
METAR/SPECI format
METAR/SPECI HCMM DATETIME WIND VISIBILITY CLOUDS TEMP QNH=
METAR/SPECI HCMM 240600Z 18012KT SCT020 28/24 Q1012=

• TAF REPORT-Terminal Aerodrome Forecast.


TAF is a concise statement in coded form depicting expected weather phenomena
at an Aerodrome during specific time.
UNSOS WEATHER REPORT FORM
• Location…………………………….Date……………………Time……………..
• WIND: Wind direction……………………in degrees
Wind speed………………………..in m/s, Knots
• VISIBILITY:……………………..km or metres.
• WEATHER PHENOMENA – If any (Mist, Haze, Shower, Thunderstorm, Dust storm etec…)
• CLOUD BASE –in feet
• CLOUD AMOUNT: SKC (Sky clear) No cloud
FEW 1-2 Octas
SCT (Scattered) 3-4 Octas
BKN (Broken) 5-7 octas
OVC (Overcast 8 Octas
• TEMPERATURE/DEW POINT( in degrees) If the equipment is available.
• ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ( in millibars or hectopascals)- If the equipment is available.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TRAINED
ALOs IN FOBs
• Reporting any significant weather phenomena in their locations.
• Advise UNSOS Air Operations on issues concerning weather
WEATHER EFFECTS
• 1. Wind
• a.Head wind
• Delays, more fuel, shorter runway
b.Tailwind
• Landing ,enrounte and taking off
• -longer runway,
• Hard to control the aircraft on landing
• good for en-route, less fuel
• c. cross winds
• pushes aircraft away the runway,
• incidents, accidents.
• 2.Visibility/Fog
• delayed flights, cancellation, diversions, incidents and accidents
• 2.Visibility/Fog
• delayed flights
• cancellation
• diversions
• incidents
• ACCIDENTS /INCIDENTS
• 3. CLOUDS
• Aircraft structural damage
• Engine failure due to icing
• Deviation and getting lost due to loss of direction
4 HARZADOUS WX
• HEAVY RAIN/thunderstorms/lighting
• Poor visibility
• Delays and cancellations of flights
• Loss of direction due to blinding effect
• Aircraft damage ,Engine failure
• Accidents/incidents
ASSIGNMENT
• Name six weather elements and their instruments ,units of measurements.
• Give 4 weather hazards and how they affect aircraft operations.
• when do you report the bad weather?
• What do you recommend to UNSOS regarding weather reporting?

THANK YOU
BY S/SGT ROBERT
END

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