A

Presentation on
Application of HRSI in Planning: Preparation of models using Image
interpretation, Change detections, Siting, and other analysis.
SPL302: AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY & REMOTE SENSING
Session : 2014-2015

Presented To:- PRESENTED BY:-

MRIDUL NISCHAL
Mr. SUNIL KUMAR
B.TECH. (U.R.P.), 5TH SEM.

Guru Ram Das School of Planning

Guru Nanak Dev University
Amritsar
 HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY (HRSI) & REMOTE SENSING
Image resolution is the detail an image holds. The term applies to raster digital images, film images,
and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail. Spatial energy is the source for
high resolution satellite imagery. Spatial Energy has established preferred relationships with the
leading data providers and can thus select the best and most cost effective source(s) to meet your
particular application.  Imagery is available on demand from our extensive data archives, by tasking
satellites, and by speculative collection.

Here is a brief summary of the satellites which helps to provide High Resolution Imagery:-
• Quick Bird- 60 centimeter panchromatic and 2.44 meter multispectral imagery on a global basis.
• WorldView-1- Features a high-capacity, panchromatic imaging system with half-meter resolution
imagery.
• WorldView-2- The first high-resolution commercial satellite to offer 8-band capability with very
high accuracy, agility, capacity and spectral diversity.
• WorldView-3- The first super-spectral high-resolution commercial satellite, launched August 13,
2014, offers panchromatic, multi-spectral bands plus 8 band short-wave infrared (SWIR) and 12
CAVIS imagery.
• IKONOS- Efficiently collects and delivers large
volumes of tonally balanced, map accurate,
mosaicked imagery for a wide variety of applications.
• SPOT- SPOT imagery covers a wide, 60 km x 60 km,
area and offers a full range of resolutions from 2.5 to
20 m for application on regional or local scales
(1:000,000 to 1:10,000).  A single SPOT image
covers 3,600 km2. Satellites for High Resolution Images
• GeoEye-1- Launched on September 8, 2008, GeoEye-1 is the world’s highest resolution commercial
satellite.
• RapidEye- Constellation of 5 satellites with ability to capture high-resolution, large-area image data
on a daily basis.
• Pleiades- Pleiades 1, launched December 16, 2011, and Pleiades 2, launched December 2, 2012,
offer 50cm resolution,4 band color, orthorectified imagery with a 20-km swath width ground
footprint at nadir. The Pléiades constellation provides very-high-resolution optical products in
record time, offering daily revisits to any point on the globe.
 What is Image Interpretation?
Image interpretation is defined as the extraction of qualitative and quantitative information in the
form of a map, about the shape, location, structure, function, quality, condition, relationship of and
between objects, etc. by using human knowledge or experience. It is also termed as “ Photo -
Interpretation”.
Process of Image Interpretation
• Image reading is an elemental form of image
interpretation. It corresponds to simple identification of
objects using such elements as shape, size, pattern, tone,
texture, color, shadow and other associated relationships.
• Image measurement is the extraction of physical
quantities, such as length, location, height, density,
temperature and so on, by using reference data or
calibration data deductively or inductively.
• Image analysis is the understanding of the relationship
between interpreted information and the actual status,
and to evaluate the situation.
• Extracted information will be finally represented in a map
Image Interpretation Processing
form called an interpretation map or a thematic map.
 STEREO MODEL COMPILATION
By laying a pair of matched and overlapping images, a digital version of stereo model or 3D view can be
created that allows the determination of ground elevation and building, or cultural feature heights. The
result of this step in the process is the creation of digital model of the earth’s surface and the features
lying on it, commonly called as digital stereo model (DSM).
The following general steps are required to create a DSM:-
• Image is acquired in the form of photographic or digital. Photographic images are to be scanned and
converted into digital form with proper scale and pixel size.
• A list of GCP’s must be created. GCP’s are the markers visible on the aerial photographs for which
the X, Y and Z terrain coordinates are normally defined in the universal transverse Mercator or any
other grid (projection) coordinate systems. The ground coordinates or GCP’s can be obtained by
conventional ground surveys, from published maps, by GPS surveys, or by triangulation method.
• The mathematical transformation parameters are computed to establish the relationship between
the ground (X,Y,Z) and the pixel (x, y) coordinates.
• The digital image is then rectified to the ground coordinate system. During rectification, the image is
resampled and the pixel size modified as required to correspond with other raster data sets that may
be part of the database. Finally, a DSM is formed using a stereo pair and accurate sensor model
information.
 3D SCENE MODELLING
Using detailed terrain models, orthoimagery, and highly accurate 3D feature models, computer
software is able to produce interactive virtual reality environments, flythroughs, and animations of
existing and/or proposed future developments.

The 3D feature can be added on the DEM’s creating a 3D

scene. Draping orthoimages or topographic map detail over the
models provides a more detailed 3D scene model. These scene
models are the virtual earth’s surface models that can be
viewed at from many angles. The models are excellent
visualization and planning tools. Allowing the user to perform
virtual flythrough, conduct line of sight analysis, wind tunnel
testing, and noise and pollution modelling. The 3D scene
models are also used for a variety of planning applications
such as earthquake and flood prediction models,
environmental planning, sound and vibration analysis, road
design, and earth works. Models can be supplied in GIS and
CAD formats as well as movie type flythroughs, and digital and
hard-copy scenes. Images Showing 3D Modelling of buildings.
 GEOSPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS FROM HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGERIES
Spatial Energy’s extensive offering of spatial data analysis services focus primarily on hydrocarbon
detection, feature extraction, and change detection. Additional services include land/marine oil seep
detection, and structural geological analysis - e.g., rock/soil identification, regional structure/fault
identification.
HYDROCARBON DETECTION
• Land Exploration- Hydrocarbons seeping from micro fractures typically result in surface
anomalies manifested as changes in soil brightness and vegetation health. Certain portions of
electro magnetic spectrum in the visible and infrared regions can be used to effectively identify
these surface anomalies and locate the hydrocarbon seepages via hydrocarbon mapping.

• Marine Exploration- High resolution satellite, radar (SAR/SLAR) and UV imagers can detect the
presence of oil seeps and will show the geographic extents of the oil seep.
Hydrocarbons cause amplitude effects in the seismic data and the trace of the oil and gas venting
from the seabed. Natural oil slicks can be directly correlated to seabed cores and 3D seismic data.
Spatial Energy uses a combination of imagery sources (e.g., Landsat, QuickBird, and Ikonos) and
analysis techniques for hydrocarbon detection.
Multi-spectral data also can be used to map large oil-slicks that occur offshore due to leaks from oil
drilling platforms, pipelines, or accidental ship discharges.
 IMAGE FEATURE EXTRACTION
State-of-the-art image segmentation and classification techniques are used for image feature
extraction. Features that can be extracted from imagery include facilities (e.g., building foot prints),
transportation features, land use/land cover, vegetation types (agriculture, forest types), disturbed
features due to exploration activities, water bodies, oil spills in water, soil types, and more. Additional
services include the extraction of contours, hillshades, and slope/aspect from DTM data.

CHANGE DETECTION
Spatial Energy offers change detection services on user specific
features for monitoring and quantifying changes over time, using
temporal sequence of imagery.  Change detection can be used for
variety of applications, such as the monitoring of facilities,
quantification of revegitation activities in disturbed areas,
monitoring the movement of oil spills (land and sea), monitoring
pipeline encroachment, and monitoring of changes in ice/snow
extent.
Additional image processing services include data fusion (pan sharpening), band manipulation
(clipping, tiling, subsetting, 16 bit to 8 bit conversion, etc.), data conversion (e.g., GeoTIFF to JPEG),
image registration, and data editing (editing of vector as well as raster data).
REFERENCES
• Bhatta B., (2008), Remote Sensing and GIS, Oxford University Press.
• http://www.spatialenergy.com/ImageryServices--Development-and-Production.html
• http://www.spatialenergy.com/imagery_imageprocessing.html
• http://www.jars1974.net/pdf/08_Chapter07.pdf
• http://www.spatialenergy.com/products_imagery.html
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