Statistics Is Defined As A Science That Studies Data To Be Able To Make A Decision

Statistics as a Tool in Decision-Making
Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be able to make a

decision.
Statistics is a science that involves the methods of collecting, processing,
summarizing and analyzing data in order to provide answers or solutions to an
inquiry.
One also needs to interpret and communicate the results of the methods identified
above to support a decision that one makes when faced with a problem or
an inquiry.
Statistics as a Tool in Decision-Making
Statistics enable us to
• characterize persons, objects, situations, and phenomena;
explain relationships among variables;
• formulate objective assessments and comparisons; and, more
importantly
• make evidence-based decisions and predictions.
Statistical Process in Solving a Problem
A statistical process in making a decision or providing solutions to a problem
include the following:
1. Planning or designing the collection of data to answer statistical questions in a

way that maximizes information content and minimizes bias;
2. Collecting the data as required in the plan;
3. Verifying the quality of the data after they were collected;
4. Summarizing the information extracted from the data; and
5. Examining the summary statistics so that insight and meaningful information
can be produced to support decision-making or solutions to the question or
problem at hand.
Identify which of the following questions are answerable using a statistical process.
1. What is a typical size of a Filipino family? (answerable through a statistical process)
2. How many hours in a day? (not answerable through a statistical process)
3. How old is the oldest man residing in the Philippines? (answerable through a
statistical process)
4. Is planet Mars bigger than planet Earth? (not answerable through a statistical process)
5. What is the average wage rate in the country? (answerable through a statistical
process)
6. Would Filipinos prefer eating bananas rather than apple? (answerable through a
statistical process)
7. How long did you sleep last night? (not answerable through a statistical process)
8. How much a newly-hired public school teacher in NCR earns in a month? (not
answerable through a statistical process)
9. How tall is a typical Filipino? (answerable through a statistical process)
10. Did you eat your breakfast today? (not answerable through a statistical process)
Random Variables and Probability
Distributions
RANDOM VARIABLES
A random variable is a variable that assumes numerical
values associated with the random outcome of an
experiment, where one (and only one) numerical value is
assigned to each sample point.
TWO TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES
 A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE can assume a countable/finite
number of values.
 Observations take a value based on a count from a set of distinct
Limited
whole values. to acannot
Hence, they WHOLE NUMBER
take the value of a fraction
between value and the next closest value
 Number of students in a class
 Number of siblings in a family
 Number of registered cars
 Number of sales
 Number of calls
 Shares of stock
 People in line
 Mistakes per page
 A CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE can assume any value
along a given interval of a number line/infinite number of real
values.
Cannot be listed or counted
120 lb
180.34 cm
54.431 kg 157.48 cm
54431 g 1.8034 m
1.5748 m
54 431 084.4 mg 71 in
62 in
 Continuous random variables
 Length
 Depth
 Volume
 Time
 Weight
Tell whether each variable is discrete, continuous or neither.
1. The heights of students in a Year 12 class continuous

2. The weights, to the nearest kg, of students in a Year 12 class discrete
3. The number of runs scored in a baseball match in NDEA meet in 2014
neither
4. The number of consecutive heads obtained when repeatedly tossing
a coin discrete
5. The volume of water that can be filled in a tank continuous
PROBABILITY FUNCTION
• A probability function maps the possible values of x
against their respective probabilities of occurrence,
p(x)
• p(x) is a number from 0 to 1.0.
• The area under a probability function is always 1.
Discrete example: roll of a die
x p(x)
p(x)
1 p(1)=1/6
2 p(2)=1/6
1/6
3 p(3)=1/6
x 4 p(4)=1/6
1 2 3 4 5 6
5 p(5)=1/6
6 p(6)=1/6
1.0
SAMPLE SPACE
The sample space of an experiment is the set of all possible outcomes
of that experiment
POSSIBLE VALUES OF A RANDOM VARIABLE

are values which are obtained from functions that assign a real
number to each point of a sample space.
EXAMPLE 1
In a single tossing of a coin
Let: H = stands for head
T = stands for tail
Sample Space:
Possible values of the outcomes:

EXAMPLE 2
In a single tossing of two unbiased coins,
construct its:
Let: H = stands for head
T = stands for tail
Sample Space:
Probability function for getting a head:

EXAMPLE 3
A basketball team will go up against different

opponents for three consecutive games.
Let: W = stands for a win
L = stands for loss
Sample Space:
Possible values of the outcomes: 8
Probability function for winning all three games:

EXAMPLE 3

L = stands for loss
Sample Space:
Probability function for winning all 2 games:

EXAMPLE 3

L = stands for loss
Sample Space:
Probability function for winning 1 game:

EXAMPLE 3

L = stands for loss
Sample Space:
Probability function for not winning a game:

EXAMPLE 3
Probability function for winning a game:
EXAMPLE 4
A spinner has 4 equal sectors colored yellow,
blue, green and red. What is the probability of
landing on each color after spinning this
spinner?
Sample Space:

EXAMPLE 5
A glass jar contains 1 red, 3 green, 2 blue and 4
yellow marbles. If a single marble is chosen at
random from the jar, what is the probability of
each outcome?
Sample Space:

Short quiz
1. What is the sample space for choosing an odd number from 1 to 11 at
random?
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11
B. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
C. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9 11}
2. What is the sample space for choosing a prime number less than 15 at
random?
A. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15}
B. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
C. {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13}
What is the sample space for choosing 1 jelly bean at random from a jar
containing 5 red, 7 blue and 2 green jelly beans?
A. {5, 7, 2}
B. {5 red, 7 blue, 2 green}
C. {red, blue, green}
What is the sample space for choosing 1 letter at random from 5 vowels?
A.{a, e, i, o, u}
B. {v, o, w, e, l}
C. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
What is the sample space for choosing 1 letter at random from the word
DIVIDE?
A. {d, i, v, i, d, e}
B. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
C. {d, i, v, e}

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Statistics as a Tool in Decision-Making

Statistics is defined as a science that studies data to be able to make a

1. Planning or designing the collection of data to answer statistical questions in a

1. The heights of students in a Year 12 class continuous

POSSIBLE VALUES OF A RANDOM VARIABLE

Possible values of the outcomes:

Possible values of the outcomes:

Probability function for getting a head:

A basketball team will go up against different

Possible values of the outcomes: 8

Probability function for winning all three games:

A basketball team will go up against different

Possible values of the outcomes: 8

Probability function for winning all 2 games:

A basketball team will go up against different

Possible values of the outcomes: 8

Probability function for winning 1 game:

A basketball team will go up against different

Possible values of the outcomes: 8

Probability function for not winning a game:

Possible values of the outcomes:

Possible values of the outcomes:

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