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    Bacteria of Medical Importance 1

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    Tshepang Mohlahlo
    This document provides an overview of several medically important bacteria that will be covered in the lecture, including Gram-positive cocci and bacilli. The lecture will focus on Gram-positive organisms, discussing spherical or coccal shapes first, such as staphylococci and streptococci, then Gram-positive rods or bacilli. Specific bacteria that will be covered include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Listeria monocytogenes.

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    Bacteria of Medical Importance 1

    Uploaded by

    Tshepang Mohlahlo
    40 views21 pages
    This document provides an overview of several medically important bacteria that will be covered in the lecture, including Gram-positive cocci and bacilli. The lecture will focus on Gram-positive organisms, discussing spherical or coccal shapes first, such as staphylococci and streptococci, then Gram-positive rods or bacilli. Specific bacteria that will be covered include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Listeria monocytogenes.

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    This document provides an overview of several medically important bacteria that will be covered in the lecture, including Gram-positive cocci and bacilli. The lecture will focus on Gram-positive organisms, discussing spherical or coccal shapes first, such as staphylococci and streptococci, then Gram-positive rods or bacilli. Specific bacteria that will be covered include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Listeria monocytogenes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    40 views21 pages

    Bacteria of Medical Importance 1

    Uploaded by

    Tshepang Mohlahlo
    This document provides an overview of several medically important bacteria that will be covered in the lecture, including Gram-positive cocci and bacilli. The lecture will focus on Gram-positive organisms, discussing spherical or coccal shapes first, such as staphylococci and streptococci, then Gram-positive rods or bacilli. Specific bacteria that will be covered include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Listeria monocytogenes.

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    BACTERIA of MEDICAL

    IMPORTANCE 1
    B NUR I I
    DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
    2023
    BACTERIA of MEDICAL
    IMPORTANCE 1
    This lecture will cover bacteria that are commonly encountered in clinical
    practice. These organisms will appear commonly in laboratory reports.

    The information provided is a very brief presentation of some salient


    features about the organisms. Students are required to read the
    prescribed textbook for a better understanding.

    Lecture 1 will cover mainly the bacteria that are Gram positive. The ones
    that are spherical or coccal in shape are discussed first and thereafter the
    Gram positive rods or bacilli.
    Gram+ve
    cocci
    COCCAL FORMS of BACTERIA
    DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
    Staphylococci: Greek staphyle, bunch of grapes; Staphylococcus spp.
    spherical cells of uniform size are arranged in small e.g. Staph aureus
    irregular groups resembling the appearance of a
    bunch of grapes

    Streptococci: Gr. streptos, in a curve/line; cells Streptococcus species


    of uniform size arranged in chains/strings; (exception:
    appear microscopically like a chain of beads Strep. pneumoniae) -diplococci

    Diplococci:
     lancet-shaped diplococci; Gram+ve Streptococcus pneumoniae

     bean-/kidney-shaped diplococci; Gram-ve Neisseria species


    e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    e.g. Neisseria meningitidis
    STAPHYLOCOCCI – Gram Stain

    Spherical/(coccal) cells of uniform size arranged in small irregular


    groups resembling the appearance of a bunch of grapes
    STAPH CLASSIFICATION:
    FOR CLINICAL
    PURPOSES
    Genus Staphylococcus: many species
     Two major groups based on coagulase production:
    - coagulase positive
    - coagulase negative
     Important coagulase positive species is Staph. aureus

     Coagulase production = indication of organism's potential to invade


    tissue (virulent factor)

    Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS)


     Staphylococcus epidermidis
     Staphylococcus saprophyticus – causes UTI
    COMMON STAPH
    SPECIES
    SPECIES COAGULASE
    PRODUCTION
    TYPICAL DISEASE

    Staph. aureus + Many sites infected:


    skin, wound, bone, joint infections;
    abscesses, Food poisoning, Endocarditis,
    Pneumonia etc.

    Staph. epidermidis _ Opportunistic infections of catheters,


    shunts, prosthetic devices, intra-vascular
    lines etc.

    Staph. saprophyticus _ Urinary tract infections


    HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION
    Staphylococci preferentially colonise certain  ENDOGENOUS infection: person's own resident/
    body cavities/areas: commensal flora
    S. aureus: - anterior nares of >40% of persons;
    up to 90% of health care workers are nasal EXOGENOUS infection: other persons
    carriers; also found on hands (carriers; person with active infection) OR
    environment (e.g. equipment), i.e. from outside
    S. epidermidis: - can also reside in the nose; the person
    most common organism present on the skin

    Other body areas (virtually all the body)  Staphylococci are important
    colonised by staph:
    cause of
     hands hospital- acquired infections (nosocomial).
     axillae, inguinal area and perineum These are resistant to antibiotics used as first
     between the toes line for treatment.
     external ear
     scalp  Distinguish between endogenous and exogenous
     hair follicles infections to determine source of infection
    Staph aureus VIRULENCE
    FACTORS
    VIRULENCE FACTORS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
    STRUCTURAL FACTORS
    Capsule Inhibits chemotaxis & phagocytosis
    Slime layer Facilitates adherence to foreign bodies; inhibits phagocytosis
    Peptidoglycan Stimulates production of endogenous pyrogen;
    Teichoic acid Binds to fibronectin
    Protein A Inhibits Ab mediated clearance by binding to receptors on
    Ab;

    Cytotoxins TOXINS Toxic for erythrocytes, leukocytes, macrophages, platelets,


    Exfoliative Serine proteases split intra-cellular bridges in epidermis
    Enterotoxins Superantigen produces leakage & destruction of endothelial cells
    Toxic shock toxin (TSST) Superantigen stimulates T cell production & release of cytokines
    ENZYMES
    Coagulase Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
    Hyaluronidase Hydrolyses hyaluronic acids in connective tissue; promotes spread
    Fibrinolysin Dissolves fibrin clots
    Lipases Hydrolysis of lipids
    Nucleases Hydrolysis of DNA
    Staphylococcal infections
     Sites of infection
     Specimens to be collected for
    laboratory investigations

    Figure:
    Isolation of staphylococci from sites of
    infection.
    1+ = less than 10% positive cultures
    2+ = 10-50% positive cultures
    3+ = 50-90% positive cultures
    4+ = >90% positive cultures
    GRAM STAIN:
    Streptococcus  Gram positive cocci
    arranged in chain
    formation.

     Chains maybe short or


    long & some in pairs
    referred to as diplococci

    11
    HEMOLYSIS PATTERNS ON BLOOD AGAR

    12
    ΒETA-HAEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
    1) Strep. pyogenes: (Group A)
    (AKA – GAS (Group A strep), BHSA (Beta-haemolytic strep group A)
     Important human pathogen - causes local & systemic purulent infections
     Produces exotoxins (erythrogenic toxin)
     Also responsible for post-streptococcal hypersensitivity-reactions
    (hypersensitivity reactions)

    2) Strep. agalactiae: (Group B)


     Normal commensals of the female genital tract and GIT
     Important cause of infections to newborns i.e. neonatal sepsis and neonatal
    meningitis
    OTHER
    STREPTOCOCCI
    GROUP D:
    Enterococcus species (E. faecium and E. faecalis) (any type of
    haemolysis)
     Part of the normal GIT flora
     Infections: UTI, intra-abdominal infections following spillage of bowel organisms, infective
    endocarditis
     Inherently resistant to cephalosporins and aminoglycosides

    ANAEROBE:
    Peptostreptococcus
    Obligate anaerobe, present in mixed infections of the lungs, pelvis, abdomen and in lung and brain
    abscesses
    ALPHA HAEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
    1) Strep pneumoniae: (optochin sensitive)
     Upper respiratory tract infections e.g. otitis media, sinusitis
     Pneumonia – most common cause
     Meningitis – important cause of meningitis

    2) Strep viridans group


    (S. mitis, S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sangius)
     Members of the normal oropharyngeal flora
     Cause dental caries in the presence of glucose and gingivitis
     Infective endocarditis, especially of abnormal valves (following dental, surgical
    procedures)

    3) Strep milleri group:


    (S. intermedius, S. constellatus and S. anginosis)
     Part of the normal oropharyngeal flora
     Causes abscesses (brain, liver) and infective endocarditis
    Streptococcus
    INFECTIONS
    pyogenes
    POST-STREPTOCOCCAL
    DISEASES
    1-4 weeks after Group A ßeta hemolytic
    strep infection
     Throat - Rheumatic fever
     Skin - Glomerulonephritis

    Called non-suppurative sequelae


    The latent period is due to
    hypersensitivity
    response
    GRAM +ve
    rods/
    bacilli
    Corynebacterium diphtheriae
    Corynebacteria are small pleomorphic Gram positive short
    rods/bacilli
     Arrangement: Chinese lettering on Gram stain
     Humans are the only known reservoir
    Uncommon disease due to immunization – only seen in developing
    countries/ poor health infrastructure/ low levels of immunization
     Asymptomatic respiratory carriage plays role in transmission
    Transmission: Droplet spread & direct contact with cutaneous
    infections
     Pathogenesis: Toxin mediated: diphtheria toxin (DT)
     Prevention – vaccination as part of EPI & Infection control
    Listeria monocytogenes
     Gram positive bacillus on Gram stain
     Beta-haemolytic colonies on blood agar
     Ability to grow at refrigeration temperatures
    Diagnosis: Culture of blood and CSF in disseminated
    infection
     Treatment: Ampicillin with aminoglycoside
    Prevention: Avoidance of high risk foods especially in at risk
    groups & hygienic food preparation practices
    Listeri
    monocytogenes
    a :
    risk groups
    Found - widespread in nature, soil,
    ground water, decaying vegetation
    and intestinal tract of food animals

    Transmission - via food


    • Raw/unpasteurized dairy
    products
    • Cold meats
    • Smoked fish
    • Contaminated raw vegetables –

    Transplacental transmission to
    foetus following haematogenous
    dissemination in pregnant mother

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