General Osteology 2

General osteology
Dr. Archana Rani

Associate Professor
Department of Anatomy
KGMU, UP, Lucknow
Plan of the lecture
1. General concepts about skeleton

2. The skeleton
3. Bone as an organ
4. Functions of bone
5. Classification of bones
The locomotor apparatus
 The skeleton is a complex of hard structures of mesenchymal
origin and possesses a mechanical significance.
 Composed of bones & cartilages
 The term skeleton comes from a Greek word skeletos meaning

“dried up”.
 Forms the main supporting framework of the body.
 Designed for effective production of movements by the

attached muscles.
The Skeleton
 The science concerned
with the study of bones is
termed osteology.
 The skeletal system of an

adult is composed of
approximately 206 bones.
 2 parts of the skeleton:

a) Axial
b) Appendicular
The axial skeleton
 Consists of 80 bones that
form the axis of the body
which supports and protects
the organs of the head, neck
and trunk:
• Skull (Cranium & face-22)
• Auditory ossicles (6)
• Hyoid bone (1)
• Vertebral column (26)
• Thoracic cage (Ribs-24 &
sternum-1)
The appendicular skeleton
 Composed of 126 bones of the
upper (64) and lower limbs (62) and
the bony girdles, which anchor the
appendages to the axial skeleton.
 The shoulder girdle (the scapula
and clavicle)
 The upper limb (the humerus, ulna,
radius and bones of the hand)
 The pelvic girdle (the hip bone)
 The lower limb (the femur, tibia,
fibula and bones of the foot)
Bone as an organ
 Synonyms: Os (L); Osteon (G)
 Bone is one of the hardest structures of the body.
 Highly vascular mineralized connective tissue
consisting of cells and dense intercellular organic
matrix impregnated with inorganic salts.
 Organic part (1/3)- collagen fibres: resilience
 Inorganic part (2/3)- Ca++ salts: hardness & rigidity
Functions of bone
 Rigid framework
 Surface for attachment of muscles, tendons &
ligaments
 Serve as levers for muscles for movement
 Protection of visceras
 Contain marrow which is factory of blood cells
 Storehouse of calcium & phosphorus
 Paranasal air sinuses affect the timber of voice
Classification of bones
 According to shape
 Structural classification
 Developmental classification
 Regional classification
According to shape
 Long bones
 Short bones
 Flat bones
 Irregular bones
 Pneumatic bones
 Sesamoid bones
 Accessory bones
 Heterotopic bones
Long bones
a) Long tubular bones b) Short tubular bones

 humerus,  metacarpal,
 radius, ulna,  metatarsal bones and phalanges
 femur,
 tibia, fibula
Short bones
 Carpal and tarsal

bones
Flat bones
 Bones in the vault of the

skull
 Ribs
 Sternum
 Scapula
Irregular bones
 Vertebrae
 Hip bone
 Bones at the base of
skull
Pneumatic bones
 Maxilla
 Sphenoid
 Ethmoid
Sesamoid bones:
 Patella
 Pisiform
 Fabella
Accessory bones
 Sutural bones
 Os trigonum
 Os vesalium
Heterotopic bones
 Rider’s bone
Developmental classification
 Membrane bones- skull & facial bones
 Cartilaginous bones- limb bones, vertebral

column, thoracic cage
 Membrano-cartilaginous bones- clavicle,

mandible, occipital, temporal, sphenoid
Regional classification
 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton
Structural classification
 Macroscopically-
1. Compact bone
2. Cancellous or Spongy bone
 Microscopically-
1. Lamellar bone
2. Woven bone
3. Fibrous bone
4. Dentine
5. Cement
REFERENCES
1. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy, Vol.1.
2. Grant’s Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition.
3. Vishram Singh. General Anatomy, 1st Edition.

MCQs
1. Scapula is an example of:
a) Long bone
b) Flat bone
c) Irregular bone
d) Short bone
MCQs
2. Following bone develop in a tendon:
a) Pisifom
b) Cuboid
c) Scaphoid
d) Triquetral
MCQs
3. Total number of bones in axial skeleton is:
a) 60
b) 70
c) 80
d) 90
MCQs
4. All of the following bones are pneumatic
except:
a) Maxilla
b) Mandible
c) Frontal
d) Sphenoid
MCQs
5. The inorganic part of bone is composed of:
a) Calcium & Magnesium

b) Magnesium & Phosphorus
c) Calcium & Phosphorus
d) Sodium & Calcium

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General osteology

Dr. Archana Rani

1. General concepts about skeleton

 Composed of bones & cartilages

 The term skeleton comes from a Greek word skeletos meaning

 Forms the main supporting framework of the body.

 Designed for effective production of movements by the

 The skeletal system of an

 2 parts of the skeleton:

a) Long tubular bones b) Short tubular bones

 Carpal and tarsal

 Bones in the vault of the

 Cartilaginous bones- limb bones, vertebral

 Membrano-cartilaginous bones- clavicle,

1. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy, Vol.1.

2. Grant’s Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition.

3. Vishram Singh. General Anatomy, 1st Edition.

a) Calcium & Magnesium

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