Atomic Model

2 Quarter
nd
Chemistry
Overview
Module 1: Electronic Structure of Matter
Module 2: Chemical Bonding
Module 3: The Carbon Compounds
Module 4: What’s in a mole?
Atom
Subatomic particles
Scientists now know that atoms are actually made from
even smaller subatomic particles. There are three
types:
proton
neutron
electron
Where are subatomic particles
found?
Protons, neutrons and electrons are NOT evenly distributed in
an atom.
The protons and neutrons exist
in a dense core at the centre of
the atom. This is called the
nucleus.
The electrons are
spread out around the
edge of the atom.
They orbit the nucleus
in layers called
shells.
The atom: check it out!
Draw a labelled diagram of the atom showing the
nucleus and labelling protons, neutrons and electrons.
nucleus electron
neutron proton
Properties of subatomic particles
There are two properties of subatomic particles that are
especially important:
1. Mass
2. Electrical charge
Particle Symbol Charge Mass Location
Proton p+ Positive 1 nucleus

Neutron n 0 1 nucleus
Electron e- Negative 1/1836 Around the
nucleus
The atoms of an element contain equal numbers of protons and electrons and so
have no overall charge.
How many protons?
The atoms of any particular element always contain the same
number of protons. For example:
 hydrogen atoms always contain 1 proton;
 carbon atoms always contain 6 protons;
 magnesium atoms always contain 12 protons,
The number of protons in an atom

is known as its atomic number
or proton number.
It is the smaller of the two numbers

shown in most periodic tables.
What’s the atomic number?
What are the atomic numbers of these elements?
sodium iron tin fluorine
11 26 50 9
More about atomic number
Each element has a definite and fixed number of protons. If
the number of protons changes, then the atom becomes a
different element.
Changes in the number of particles in the nucleus
(protons or neutrons) is very rare. It only takes place in
nuclear processes such as:
 radioactive decay;
 nuclear bombs;
 nuclear reactors.
Mass number
Electrons have a mass of almost zero, which means that the
mass of each atom results almost entirely from the number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
The sum of the protons and neutrons in
an atom’s nucleus is the mass number.
It is the larger of the two numbers shown
in most periodic tables.
Atom Protons Neutrons Mass number

hydrogen 1 0 1
lithium 3 4 7
aluminium 13 14 27
What’s the mass number?
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
What is the mass number of these atoms?
Atom Protons Neutrons Mass number

helium 2 2 4
copper 29 35 64
cobalt 27 32 59
iodine 53 74 127
germanium 32 41 73
Quiz
Answer
Atomic # of # of # of Mass
Atom
number Proton electron neutron number
Sodium 11 11 11 12 23
fluorine 9 9 9 10 19
strontium 38 38 38 50 88
zirconium 40 40 40 51 91
uranium 92 92 92 146 238

Electronic Structure of
Matter and Quantum
Mechanical Model
Rutherford Bohr
Billiard ball Model (1803)
1.Matter is made of small indivisible atoms.

2.Atoms can’t be subdivided, created or destroyed.
2.1 Atoms of the same element have the same
property.
2.2 Atoms of different elements have different
John Dalton properties.
3. Atoms of different elements can form compounds.
Plum-pudding model (1898)
1.Discovered electron
2.An atom is electrically neutral. It has no charge.
3.In an atom, both positive charges and negative
charges are equal.
4.An atom is made out of a sphere of positive
Joseph John charges with negatively charged electron
embedded in it.
Thomson
Nuclear model (1911)
1.Discovered proton and nucleus

2.Atoms are mostly empty space.
3.Most of the mass is concentrated in the center
of atom. This tiny, dense, positively charged
Ernest core called a nucleus.
Rutherford 4.Electrons are located outside the nucleus.
Planetary model (1913)
1.Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have specific size and
energy.
2.The energy of the orbit is related to its size. The lowest energy is
found in the smallest orbit.
3.Electrons reside in orbits. They move between each shell when
gaining or losing energy.
Niels Bohr 4.When gaining energy, electrons move to farther orbit from the
nucleus. When losing energy, electrons move to closer orbit from the
nucleus
• James Chadwick – Discovered Neutron
• Louis De Broglie – Introduced the idea
that particles, such as electrons, could be
described not only as particles but also as
waves. The idea had great significance for
the continued evolution of quantum
mechanics.
• Werner Karl Heisenberg – Uncertainty
Principle. You cannot locate the exact
position of an electron at any given time.
(Too small, too fast)
Planetary model (1915)
1.His investigations of atomic spectra led him to

suggest that, in the Bohr model of the atom, the
electrons move in elliptical orbits as well as
circular ones.
2.From this idea he postulated the
Arnold azimuthal quantum number. He later introduced
the magnetic quantum number as well.
Sommerfeld
Quantum mechanical model
(1923)
1.Electrons don’t move around the nucleus in orbits.

2.Electrons exist in specific energy levels as a cloud.
3.The electron cloud is the region of negative
charges, which surrounds the nucleus.
Erwin 4.Orbital : The region with a high probability of
containing electrons.
Schrödinger
6
Can you 5
identify
the 4
following 3
atomic 2
models?
1
Flame test
Why do certain elements give off light of specific color
when heat is applied?
Have you seen fireworks emitting different
colors on New Year’s Eve?
Northern and
southern light
• The light show we see from the ground is caused
by electrically charged particles from space entering
the Earth’s upper atmosphere at a very high speed.
• Around 98% of these particles are deflected by the
Earth’s magnetic field and continue their journey into
deep space. A small percentage of particles leak through
the Earth’s magnetic field and are funneled
downwards towards the Earth’s magnetic North and
South poles.
• When these charged particles hit the atoms and
molecules high up in our atmosphere, they become
excited. This creates two glowing rings of auroral
emission around the North and South magnetic poles
• As they decay back to their original state, they emit
distinctive colours of light. It’s this light we see when we
look at the Northern Lights.
Do you know the reason why?
Specific color of the firework of certain metallic elements

give off light of specific color when heat is applied. These
colors given off by the vapors of elements can be analyzed
with an instrument called spectroscope.
What is an atomic spectroscope?
Figure 1. An atomic spectroscope

⚫ These colors given off by the vapors of elements can be analyzed with an instrument
called spectroscope.
⚫ Spectroscopy, the study of spectral lines, was developed by Robert Bunsen and Gustav
Kirchoff.
⚫ Atomic spectra or line spectra produced by some gaseous substances characterized by
colored lines with dark spaces between them (Fingerprint/identity of the element)
A glass prism separates the light
given off into its component
wavelength. The spectrum
produced appears as a series of
sharp bright lines with
characteristic colors and
wavelength on a dark
background instead of being
continuous like the rainbow.
We call this series of lines the
atomic spectrum of the
element. The color, number
and position of lines produced
is called the “fingerprint” of an
element. These are all constant
for a given element. See Fig. 2.
Figure 2. Atomic spectra of H, He, and Fe

Activity 1: To Glow or Not To Glow
⚫ Instructions: Analyze whether the transition of electrons will
emit light or not by writing the phrase “will glow” or “will not
glow”.
will not glow
will glow
will not glow
will glow
will glow
Probable Location of an Electron
⚫Bohr’s idea that electrons are found in definite orbits around the
nucleus was rejected
⚫Three physicists led the development of a better model of the atom
Louie de Broglie,
Erwin Schrodinger, and
Werner Karl Heisenberg
⚫De Broglie proposed that the electron (which is thought of as a
particle) could also be thought of as a wave.
⚫Schrodinger used this idea to develop a mathematical equation to
describe the hydrogen atom.
⚫Heisenberg discovered that for a very small particle like the
electron, its location cannot be exactly known and how it is moving.
This is called the uncertainty principle.

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2 Quarter

Proton p+ Positive 1 nucleus

The number of protons in an atom

It is the smaller of the two numbers

sodium iron tin fluorine

Atom Protons Neutrons Mass number

What is the mass number of these atoms?

Atom Protons Neutrons Mass number

uranium 92 92 92 146 238

1.Matter is made of small indivisible atoms.

1.Discovered proton and nucleus

1.His investigations of atomic spectra led him to

1.Electrons don’t move around the nucleus in orbits.

Specific color of the firework of certain metallic elements

Figure 1. An atomic spectroscope

Figure 2. Atomic spectra of H, He, and Fe

will not glow

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