9 ADV-coverage Based Practice

9 ADV-Biology- Inspire-EoT-Coverage- T2
Jaseera Medammal
Al Salamah Girl’s School
UAQ
Speed of an Action Potential
• Nodes along the axon allow ions to pass through
the myelin layer to the plasma membrane.
• The ions jump from node to node and increase
the speed of the impulse
Reflex Arc: a nerve pathway of sensory neuron  interneuron  motor neuron
Spinal cord
is involved
Brain is NOT
involved
Fast
response
involuntary
1. can imitate a
neurotransmitter
2. can block a receptor

site on a dendrite,
preventing a
neurotransmitter from
binding.
3. can prevent a
neurotransmitter from
leaving a synapse.
4. Drugs can cause an
• Many drugs that
increase in the amount of
a neurotransmitter that is affect the nervous
released into a synapse. system influence
the level of a
neurotransmitter
called dopamine.
• Normally,
dopamine is
removed from a
Drug synapse by being
reabsorbed by the
neuron that
released it.
Once the neurotransmitters
have done their work, they are
either:
1. destroyed enzymatically,
2. taken back into the terminal Synapse: A small gap between
from which it came the axon of one neuron and the
3. recycled and reused. dendrite of another neuron
Cell body is the portion of the neuron that
Dendrites receive signals contain cell organelles including the nucleus
(impulses) from other
neuron and conduct to the Axon carries impulses from the
cell body cell body to the other neurons and
muscles
Dendrites Cell body Axon Axon endings synapse Next neuron

Refer to slide no: 18
• Receptors associated with taste and smell are located
in the mouth and nasal cavity.
• Signals from these receptors work together to create
a combined effect in the brain.
• Taste buds detect combinations of chemicals
Balancing by inner ear
 The inner ear also contains organs for balance,
including three semicircular canals.
 Semicircular canals transmit information about
body position and balance to the brain.
 The three canals are positioned at right angles to
one another and are fluid-filled and lined with hair
 Hearing and balance are the two major cells.
functions of the ear.  When the position of your head changes, fluid
 Specialized receptors in the ear can within the semicircular canals moves.
detect both the volume and the highness  This causes the hair cells to bend, which in turn
and lowness of sounds. sends nerve impulses to the brain.
 Canals in the inner ear are responsible for  The brain then is able to determine your position
your sense of balance, or equilibrium and whether your body is still or in motion.
Many types of sensory receptors that respond
to temperature, pressure, and pain are found
in the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin.
 Nephrons are filtering  The renal artery transports
units of the kidney. nutrients and wastes to the
(functional units) kidney and branches into
 Each kidney has one smaller and smaller blood
million nephrons vessels and finally the tiny
capillaries, glomerulus.
Nephron has two parts
1. Bowman’s capsule  Since the walls of the capillaries
(contain glomerulus- a ball are very thin, the blood flow
of capillaries through with great pressure.
which blood enters each Urea – is the nitrogenous waste
nephron) Urine- the name of total waste
2. Renal tubule (comprised of product (excess fluids, water and
convoluted tubules, loop toxic substances)
of Henle, and collecting
tubule)
• The hypothalamus
produces two
hormones, oxytocin, and
antidiuretic hormone.
• These hormones are
transported through
axons and stored at
axon endings located at
the pituitary gland.
• The antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
functions in homeostasis
by regulating water
balance.
Location: just above the kidneys
Outer part (cortex)- produce
steroid hormones- aldosterone
and glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
Aldosterone: give signal to
kidney to reabsorb more sodium
Cortisol: raises blood glucose
level and reduces inflammation
Inner part: produce two hormones- Adrenaline/
Epinephrine and Noradrenaline/ Norepinephrine
Fight /flight response: They produce in a stressful

The pancreas plays a crucial role in the production of situation to produce more energy. Increases heart
enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. rate, breathing rate, blood pressure and sugar
levels, all of which are important for increasing the
It also secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, activity of body cells
which work together to maintain homeostasis.
Bonus questions

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9 ADV-Biology- Inspire-EoT-Coverage- T2

2. can block a receptor

Dendrites Cell body Axon Axon endings synapse Next neuron

Fight /flight response: They produce in a stressful

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