SOURCE OF AL-SUNNAH

OR AL-HADITH

@ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. JASNI BIN SULONG

School of Humanities
RELATION HADITH &
REVELATION?

 Unrecited revelation
 Revelation received by the Prophet from
time to time, guiding him in day-to-day
affairs
 Itwas demonstrated through the sayings,
acts and confession of the Prophet

2
 MEANING OF “AL-SUNNAH”

 Al-Sunnah = way, route or path

‫ي َ ْو ِم الْ ِق َيا َم ِة َو َم ْن‬
‫َم ْن َس َّن ُسنَّ ًة َح َسنَ ًة فَهَل ُ َأ ْج َر َها َوَأ ْج ُر َم ْن مَع ِ َل هِب َا ىَل‬
‫َس َّن ُسنَّ ًة َسيَِّئ ًة فَ َعلَ ْي ِه ِو ْز َر َها َو ِو ْز ُر َم ْن مَع ِ َل هِب َا ِإىَل‬
‫ي َ ْو ِم الْ ِق َيا َم ِة‬

‫ِإ‬
“routine, daily practice, common conduct”
 ٌ ‫…قَ ْد َخلَ ْت ِم ْن قَ ْبكِل َ ُسنَن‬.al-Imran : 137
 ‫…فَ َق ْد َمضَ ْت ُسنَّ ُة اَأْل َّو ِلنْي‬.al-Anfal : 38

 Conducts that was commonly practiced in religion;

the form of practice or practicality ever performed 3
by the Prophet in obedience to the order of Allah
 MEANING OF “AL-HADITH”

 Al-Hadith = speak, talk or new

‫ث‬ ْ ِ
‫د‬ ّ ‫ح‬
َ َ ‫ف‬ َ
‫ِك‬ّ ‫ب‬ ‫ر‬ ِ
‫ة‬ ‫وَأ َّما ِب ِن ْع َم‬and
But the bounty of the Lordَ - rehearse َ proclaim!
….al-Dhuha : 11

 Sunnah & Hadith provide similar meaning: “All

matters attributed (narrated) to the Prophet
Muhammad pbuh whether words, deeds or
confessions, before the prophethood or after,
which involves effort or not” 4
 SUNNAH/
HADITH

Words Deeds Confessions

‫ال وصية لوارث‬

No legacy is to be left to
an heir
ِ ‫َال تَلَقُّوا ُّالر ْك َب َان ِللْ َب ْيع‬
Do not go out to meet the riders

‫هللا عَلَ ْي ِه َو َسمَّل َ ي َ ْن ُظ ُر‬

ُ ‫هللا َصىَّل‬
ِ ‫ول‬ُ ‫فََألَك ْ ُت ُه َو َر ُس‬
5
And I ate it while The Messenger of Allah
‫ ﷺ‬was seeing
 SUNNAH/
HADITH

WORDS DEEDS CONFESSIONS

i. Af’al Jibilliyah – common daily activities eg walk, run, sit, eat,

drink
ii. Af’al khasais – fasting of wisal, dhuha obligation, witir,
tahajjud, marriage more than 4
iii. Af’al tasyri’iyyah – activities that establish taklif:
• explain on ambiguous verses
• perform a conduct that need to follow by Muslims 6
FUNCTION OF AL-HADITH OR AL-
SUNNAH
1. To affirm (‫ )مقررة‬and strengthen (‫ )مؤكدة‬the meaning of al-
Qur’an. Eg. the prophet elaborated:
‫اَل حَي ِ ُّل َم ُال ا ْم ِرٍئ ُم ْسمِل ِ اَّل ب ِِط ْي ِب ِمن ن َ ْف ِس ِه‬
‫ِإ‬
it is not permissible to take the money of a Muslim except under his consent

similar to the verse Q4:29...

‫اَي َأهُّي َا اذَّل ِ َين آ َمنُوا اَل تَْألُك ُوا َأ ْم َوالَمُك ْ بَيْنَمُك ْ اِب لْ َبا ِطل‬
ْ ‫ون جِت َ َار ًة َع ْن تَ َر ٍاض ِمنْمُك‬ َ ‫اَّل َأ ْن تَ ُك‬
‫ِإ‬
O you who have believed, do not consume one another's wealth unjustly but only [in
lawful] business by mutual consent
7
2. To explain ( ‫ )م بينة‬the meaning of al-Qur’an
i. Explain the ambiguous – eg. rate of zakat
‫الس َمآءَ الْعُ ُشر‬
َّ ‫ت‬ِ ‫فِيما س َق‬
َ َْ
from the verse:
‫َوآت ُْوا َّالزاَك ة‬
ii. Limit the generality of al-Qur’an – eg.‫ال ي رثا لقاتل‬
‫الطه ُْو ُر َماُؤ ُه ا ِحل ُّل َم ْي َت ُت ُه‬
ُّ ‫ه َُو‬
or exempted the meaning of the Q5:3…
‫ُح ّ ِر َم ْت عَلَ ْيمُك ُ الْ َم ْي َت ُة‬
2. Define the boundary meaning of the verse – eg border to cut thief’s 8
hand.
 FUNCTION OF AL-HADITH OR AL-
SUNNAH

3. Become evidence of abrogated verse in the al-Qur’an

i. Command to bequeath(‫ك تبعليكم اذا حضر أحدكم ا ملوتإنت رك خري ا لوصية‬
‫ )ل لوا لدينوا ألقر بني‬was abrogated by the:
 inhertance verse(‫وألبوينل كا واحد منهما ا لسدس‬...)
 bequeath to legal heirs‫ارث‬ ( ‫)ال وصية ل لو‬

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 FUNCTION OF AL-HADITH OR AL-
SUNNAH

4. To determine (‫ )م ثبتة‬and to solemnize(‫ )م نشئة‬the silent

ruling in the al-Qur’an
i. Similar authority(ُ‫)َأ اَل َو يِّن ْ ُأ ْو ِت ُيْ ات ْل ُق ْر َآن َو ِمثْهُل ُ َم َعه‬
‫ِإ‬
ii. The prohibition of silk and gold for men
iii. Land reclamation(ُ ‫)مْ َأن ْح ْىَي َأ ْر ً اض َم ْ َيت ًة فَ َ هِ هَلي‬ َ
iv. Prohobition to consume domestic donkey
v. Stone to married adultery (‫)ا لشيخ وا لشيخة ف ارمجومه ا ا ليتة‬
10
CONFLICT ON WORDS & DEEDS
1) Conflict between 2 deeds – either nasikh or specialization
2) Conflict between 2 words – happening on the outer verses (zahir),
and need to:
 Gather (‫ع‬ ‫ )ا مجل‬and combine ‫)ا لتوفي (ق‬
 Prioritize (tarjih) if cant be combined
 Either one was abrogated (mansukh)
 Ignore both (tawaqquf)
3) Conflict between words and deeds – 3 options:
 If words were earliest than deeds, the words abrogated
 If deeds were earliest than words, the deeds abrogated
 If does not the earliest, gather and combine, if not:
o Majority – prioritize words (clearer)
o Priorize deeds 11
o Tawaffuq until provide the same goal
DURATION SUNNAH’S
ESTABLISHMENT
40 years 23 years

Prophet‘s time, Head of the Islamic country

Before a prophet, shepheard,

trader, merchants

Mecca Period Medina Period

40 + 13 years 10 years

12
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUNNAH,
KHABAR & ATHAR

Definitions Term

  ‫ما جاء عن النيب صلى اهلل عليه وسلم‬ ‫السنة‬

Anythings associated with the Prophet Sunnah
‫املروي الذي حيتمل الصدق والكذب‬
Narrations that have truth or fake ‫اخلرب‬
‫ما جاء عن غري النيب صلى اهلل عليه وسلم‬ Khabar
Information not from the Prophet
‫بقية الشيء‬
Balance of something
 ‫األثر‬
‫يطلق على ما روي عن الصحابة فقط‬ Athar
Intended for anything narrated from Companions
13
 THE EVIDENCE OF
SUNNAH
[1] Allah SWT command to refer:
And whatever the Messenger
gives you, take it, and whatever
‫َو َما آاَت مُك ُ َّالر ُس ْو ُل فَخ ُُذ ْو ُه َو َما هَن َامُك ْ َع ْن َه فَا ْنهَت ُ ْوا‬ …al-Hasyr : 7
he forbids you, abstain
‫هللا َوَأ ِط ْي ُع ْوا َّالر ُس ْو َل‬
َ ‫َأ ِط ْي ُع ْوا‬ …al-Nisa’ : 59 Obey Allah and obey the Messenger

[2] The Prophet’s command and threat:

So hold fast to my Sunnah and the
examples of the Rightly- Guided
-‫عَلَ ْيمُك ْ ِب ُسنَّيِتْ َو ُس َّنُة ا ْل ُخلَ َفا ِء ا َّلر ِاش ِد ْيِ نا ْل َم ْه ِد ِي ّ ِنْي ِ ْم ب َن ْع ِدي‬
Caliphs who will come after me.
‫ َم ْن غَ ِر َب َع ْن ُسنَّيِت فَلَيْ َس ِميِّن‬- Who dislikes my sunnah is
not my team

[3] The story of Muaz to Yaman

If you cant find in the Qur’an? He said,
‫ف ْن لَ ْم جَت ِْد ىِف ِك َت ِاب هللا؟ قَا َل فَب ُِسنَّ ِة َر ُس ْو َل هللا‬...
I will refer to sunnah.
‫ِإ‬
[4] Companion’s consensus -
14
I left among you two things, you will not go astray as long as you hold
on to them: the Book of Allah and my Sunnah. [al-Muwatta’, 899]

15
 STRUCTURE OF A HADITH

 Sanad or chain, the narrators via whom the text has reached the
muhaddith who has collected it
 manner of transmission:
 heard the hadith by himself
 informed by someone else
 the narrator had been narrated

 Matan or text, the exact words of the text, its story or script that has
command

16
CHAIN OF NARRATORS
17
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SANAD

Mutawatir (consecutive)

Masyhur (famous)

Aziz (rare) Ahad (isolated)

Sahih (valid)
Gharib (strange)
Hasan (good)

Daif (weak)

Mawdu’ (fake)

18
 THE CONTENTS OF SANAD STUDY
‫ ولوال اإل سناد لقال من شاء ما شاء – عبدهللا بن مبارك‬.‫اإل سناد من ادلين‬
Study of narrators is of religion. If there is no narrators methodology, then they
can say whatever they want

RIWAYAH DIRAYAH

 sahih, hasan, daif  Ikhtilaf al-hadith

[valid, good, weak] [conflict of hadith]
 syaz [weird]  Ilmu al-rijal
 ‘illah [ill] [science of narrators]
 Mustalah al-hadith
[science of hadith]
 Takhrij al-hadith
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[deduction of hadith]
 HADITH MUTAWATIR (CONSECUTIVE)

 The hadith that is reported by such a large

number of narrators that cannot be perceived
to have jointly forged and their agreement
upon an untruth is inconceivable, thus being
accepted as unquestionable in its veracity
 eg. about halal
 Rule: obligatory to perform
 Position: qat’ie indication as al-Qur’an

20
 EXAMPLE OF HADITH MUTAWATIR

MUTAWATIR

LAFZI MAKNAWI
The narrators have achieved a The narrators have
consensus on every words in the disagreement on some words
text of hadith without in the text but have
disagreement or conflicts consensus on the meaning
ِ ‫ال بِالنِّي‬
‫ب َعلَ َّي ُمَت َع ِّم ًدا َفلْيَتََب َّوْأ َم ْق َع َدهُ ِم َن النَّا ِر‬
‫ات‬َ ُ ‫ِإنَّ َما اَأْل ْع َم‬...
َ ‫َم ْن َك َذ‬
21
 HADITH MASYHUR (FAMOUS)

 Originated from hadith ahad, then developed in 2nd

century (after the Companion phase) with mutawatir
number of narrators during Tabi’in and Tabi’ Tabi’in
phase
 Examples:
 ‫)حن قن وم ال ن أ لكحىتجن وع وإ ذا أ ن‬
(‫لكا ال ن شبع‬
We folks don't eat unless we are hungry, And when we
eat we don't get full

 obligatory to perform, abstain not be unfaith

 It has numbers of hadith in finance
22
 HADITH AHAD (ISOLATED)

 Refers to a hadith narrated by only one narrator.

 A khabar that was not fulfilling all of the
conditions necessary to be deemed mutawatir.

 Position: Provide doubt (dhan) in meaning and

evidence
23
 HADITH AHAD (ISOLATED)

 Islamic scholars divide Ahad khabar into three divisions:

1. Hadith Gharib - is a hadith narrated by only one narrator.

 
2. Hadith Aziz - is a hadith narrated by only two narrators.

3. Hadith Masyhur - is a hadith narrated by three narrators or more.

 All types of the hadith may be categorize as sahih, hassan, dhaif and
others according to the narrators in the sanad (chain of narrators)
 Example H: For every 5 camel, the zakat is one goat

24
(‫)ىِف ُمخ ِ ِمَس ان ب ِِل َش ا ٌة‬
‫ِإْل‬
 EXAMPLES OF HADITH AHAD

i. Property left out by prophets become donation

ii. Inheritance’s right of grandmother is 1/6
iii. Jizyah tax was taken from Majusi
(Zoroastrianism)
iv. Widow should mourning in her late husband’s
house
v. Usury also on currency, not only on deferral
payment (al-nasi’ah)

25
CONDITIONS TO ACCEPT HADITH AHAD

AS A RELIABLE
ARGUMENT

26
 COMPANIONS METHODE IN ACCEPTING
ISOLATED HADITH (AHAD)

[1] Abu Bakar – accepted with 2 witness, eg grandmother’s

inheritance to 1/6 (Mughayrah b. Syu’bah & Muhammad b.
Maslamah)

[2] Umar – accepted with investigation and witness

[3] Ali – asking a narrator to make a vow

‫إ ذا حدثين أحد من أحصابه استحلفته فإذا حلف يل صدقته‬
When some one of his companions narrated a tradition to me I
adjured him When he took an oath I testified him
27
CONDITIONS TO ACCEPT HADITH AHAD

[4] Umar refuse to accept hadith that has conflicted with the
Qur’an and Sunna eg hadith Fatimah bt Qays that no
accommodation (nafkah) will be provided after a divorce

[5] Aisyah refuse to accept hadith that conflicts to the other

higher level sources

[6] Ibn Abbas also refuse to accept hadith which is rare and
not commonly acknowledged eg hadith Abu Hurairah ‫م (ن‬
‫)مح لج نازة ف ليتوضأ‬
who carry a corpse need to have ablution
28
ARGUMENTS OF SYAFI’I THE LEGALITY TO
HOLD ON HADITH AHAD :

1. By mean of analogy with al-Qur’an and Hadith, eg

acceptance of 2 male witness = 1 male and 2 female
witness in femininity matters
2. The legality to follow traditions of the prophet, as he
alone delivered the call of God
3. It was verified and legitimized by the Companions to
apply the hadith ahad,
4. The prophet happened to send 12 messenger to 12
various region for preaching
29
 CONDITIONS OF SYAFI’I IN APPLYING
THE HADITH AHAD :

1. The narrator is trustworthy (thiqah) and honest

(sidq)
2. The narrator is sound well, delivered that hadith
based on hear say, not in form of meaning its
3. The narrator has strong memory (dabit) and
memorized the narrations accurately
4. The narration is NOT conflicting with other
narrations
30
 CONDITIONS OF HANAFI IN APPLYING
THE HADITH AHAD :

1. The narrators not perform against what he has

narrated.

2. The topic is NOT on common issue and it is needed

to know. If the topic is common, it content should
easily found in hadith masyhur/mutawatir

3. The hadith is NOT in conflicting with the analogy

(qiyas) and other Syariah sources
31
 CONDITIONS OF MALIKI IN APPLYING
THE HADITH AHAD :

1. The hadith is NOT conflicting with the tradition of

folks’ Madinah, because they stay in the Syariah
ambiances

2. The folk of Madinah is the person who know the best

about the decision of the prophet – Maliki refuse to
accept Khiyar Majlis (option of withdrawal before parting/farewell)

32
 CONDITIONS OF HANBALI IN APPLYING
THE HADITH AHAD 

1. The valid on chain of narrators, including the

mursal hadith (narrator between the prophet and
successor is omitted).

[The decision of Companion will be prioritized over

the weak hadith]

33
 CLASSIFICATION OF HADITH AHAD

 Imam Tirmizi has divided into three:

1. Sahih – Strong memory (dhabit),
trustworthy/fair (adil), continuous sanad, no
contradiction (syaz) and no flaws
2. Hasan – Similar to sahih, only the narrator has
less dhabit.
3. Dhaif – The narrator has many deficiencies, ie
less dhabit, syaz, etc.
34
 HADITH MURSAL & DHAIF

Prophet
Tabien/
Tabi’ Tabien Companion
Successor

Continous
MARFU’

Not acknowledge Companion

MURSAL

Stop at Successor
MUNQATI’

Stop at Companion
35
Happen omission of narrators MAWQUF
narration attributed to a companion
MUA’ALLAQ / MU’ADDAL
 THE ACCEPTED OF MURSAL SAHABI

 Mursal Sahabi is a narration that omitted the name of

Companion, and the chain of narration from successor was
linked straightly to the Prophet
 Ruling – Unanimously accepted as the Companions were
trustworthy and fair (‘adil)
 Example (usury of fadl and gharar):

‫حدثنا محمد بن رافع حدثنا جحني بن مثىن حدثنا الليث عن عقيل عن ابن شهاب عن‬
 ‫ هنى عن املزابنة واحملاقةل‬- ‫ صىل هللا عليه وسمل‬- ‫سعيد بن مسيب أن رسول هللا‬
Successor
Prophet

36
Muzabanah – is the sell of fresh dates on the tree for dry dates with a measure
Muhaqalah – one sell the standing crop for grains with a measure (the crop still not harvest, do not know the real measure)
THE OMISSION OF A NARRATOR (DAIF)

MU’ALLAQ

One A narration that has one or more successive

narrators omitted from the beginning of its chain

MU’ADDAL

Many A narration that has omitted of two or more

consecutive narrators from the isnād

37
 THE ACCEPTANCE OF MURSAL HADITH

MURSAL GHAYR SAHABI

Islamic jurists have different views:
1) Majority (Abu Hanifah, Malik, Ahmad) – absolutely accepted
because the narrators were trustworthy & fair
2) Abu al-Hajib & Ibn Humam – accepted from dabit narrators (S,
T. & T.T.) who fair, pious and trustworthy
3) Isa bin Aban – accepted mursal from the 3rd century (S, T, T.T)
either they witness revelation or not, as their trustworthy and fair
on what they listened
4) Syafi’i school – accepted mursal if supported by strengthen
evidence and truth 38
 THE ACCEPTANCE OF MURSAL HADITH

MURSAL GHAYR SAHABI

Syafi’i school – accepted if the mursal was supported by 5
aspects;
1) If the mursal on great successor (kibar al-tabi’in) who met
Companion (Sa’id Musayyab, Zuhri) and trustworthy(Hasan,
Sya’bi, Ibn Sirin)
2) Supported by musnad hadith on its meaning
3) The mursal is in line with other accepted (maqbul) hadith
4) Supported by Companions’ view (qawl al-Sahabi)
5) It was strengthened by other majority juristic view
39

Musnad – hadis yang diriwayatkan drp pengkaji hadis drp syeikhnya, bersambung2, sehinggalah isnad kepada Sahabat dan Rasulullah s.a.w
 TYPES OF WEAK HADITH (DAIF)
‫ َوهُو ما ْمل جَي ْ َمع ِصف َة ا َلصحي ِح َأو احل َ َس ِن‬- ‫الضعيف‬
Daif – Hadith that not achieve the quality of sahih or hasan either due to discontinuity in
the chain of narrators or due to some criticism of a narrator

Type Reason of the weak

mudallas a narrator conceal the defect

matruk a hadith narrated by a transmitter who is accused of forgery

munkar a narration which goes against another authentic hadith is reported by a

weak narrator
mudraj an addition by a reporter to the text of the hadith
maqlub the names of the narrators in the sanad or some words in the matn are
transpose
40
Shazz narration of a trustworthy narrator that contradicts those of more
trustworthy narrators
 THE AUTHORITY OF WEAK HADITH
(DAIF)

 First: absolutely does not has an authority

 Second: has authority in additional performance (fadhail al-‘Amal) and it is
permissible with conditions:
• Not too weak
• The content has other source
• Not in faith that it was originated from the prophet
• Apply in additional performance only (fadail a’mal).
 Prioritized: permissible if supported with :
 Corroborating narrations for this hadith (‫ )ا لشواهد‬- when there is another hadith narrated by
another companion and the hadith supports it either in terms of pronunciation or meaning  

 Continuations‫ )ا ملتابعا (ت‬- when a narrator narrates a hadith and at the same time, there are other
narrators along with him narrating the same hadith from the same teacher (companion)  

41
 MAWDU’ HADITH – FAKE

 Forged hadith is a hadith that is falsely attributed to the Prophet

 Not counted as hadith, due to fake and forgery
 It must be rejected even though the purpose is good and for the
general benefit
 Type of forgery:
 by fabricating a complete hadith,
 by adding certain words to a hadith,
 by omitting certain words from it, or
 by altering its words
 Many hadith were forged during successors phase, ie Abdul Karim
ibn Abu Awja’ admitted to forge about 4000 fakehadith & the
zindiq admit to forge about 14,000 fake hadith.
42