Perpetuation of Life 1

PERPETUATION
OF LIFE
Prepared by: John Michael F. Verson
OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe the different ways of how plants

and animals reproduce
2. Illustrate the relationships among
structures of flowers, fruits, and seeds
3. Evaluate the benefits and risks of using
GMOs
2
Methods of
Reproduction
What is
reproduction?
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
3
Asexual
reproduction
• Involves one individual, all of the offspring are identical to that parent
• Organisms that reproduce asexually cannot develop much
variety, because they are “copying” the original organism
exactly.
• This process take a relatively short period of time. And can
produce 1-100s of offspring.
4
What are the common M
ethods of
asexual reproduction?
Fragmen
tation
Binary fission Budding
Vegetative Parthenoge
reproduction nesis
5
Binary fission
1. Single-celled organisms (Amoeba, paramecium, euglena)

which use asexual reproduction can do so simply by
dividing into two equal halves. This is called binary fission.
2. When conditions are good, such as plenty of water, food, right

temperatures, etc., binary fission is a very effective way of
producing many, many offspring.
3. For example, the cell of a Paramecium can divide, grow, and

divide again in the space of 8 hours.
6
Budding
parent organism produces a smaller version of itself (known

as a bud).The bud eventually detaches from the parent and
becomes an independent organism which is exactly the
same as the parent
Budding tube sponge Cactus Budding Hydra Budding
7
Fragmentation
In this form, the organism fragments into smaller pieces and each
piece forms a new organism identical to its parent
A flat worm will break into distinct pieces and each will regrow another smaller organism.
8
Vegetative reproduction
A reproduction that does not involve the formation of a seed
• Many plants reproduce this way, but there is more than one
method of vegetative reproduction
• Each method involves taking a cutting of the parent plant, which

will eventually grow identical to the parent
9
Sporulation
In this form, the parent organism

produces tiny spores that it
releases. They will then create an
exact copy of the original organism
without fertilization.
The mushroom is releasing unfertilized spores
10
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which

females produce eggs that develop without fertilization.
Parthenogenesis is seen to occur naturally in some invertebrates,
along with several fish, amphibians, and reptiles as well as in
many plants.
There are no known cases of parthenogenesis in mammals.
11
Asexual Reproduction:
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES -The species does not adapt at all
-Uses less energy (it is not or adapts very slowly when
necessary to find a partner) circumstances change
-Offspring is usually well adapted -An asexual species runs the risk of
to its environment because of the suddenly disappearing because of
success of its parent a catastrophe that affects all
organisms
12
What is Sexual
- Reproduction?
Requiring 2 parents( SPERM & EGG )
- The egg and sperm join (zygote) to form an entirely
new organism
- Offspring are different from the parent
organism.
13
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Reproduction with two individuals. Most

plants and animals reproduce sexually.
The offspring has a mix of characteristics
of both parents.
14
Sexual Reproduction
15
Sexual Reproduction
in Animals
-Involves gametes (sex cells)
-Male gametes = Sperm Cell
Female gametes = egg Cell (Ova)
-Union of the two gametes during
Place your screenshot here
mating is called fertilization
-The fertilized cell created is known
as the Zygote
-The zygote undergoes continuous
divisions (cleavage) to create a
multicellular life form called the
embryo 16
Sexual Reproduction
in Animals
 The cell division will take place

inside the female (most
mammals) or outisde in an egg
(most other animals)
 Remember: The embryo is not
identical to either parent; it will
have a mix of characteristics
from both parents.
17
Sexual Reproduction
in Animals
Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm)

Combining different genetic material
18
Sexual Reproduction
in Animals
Place your screenshot here
The embryo is not identical to either parent; it will

have a mix of characteristics from both parents.
19
ua l R epro duc tio n in P lants
Sex
-Sexual reproduction in plants has the same principles as in

animals
-The nucleus from a male gamete must join with the nucleus
from a female gamete
-The new nucleus will now contain a full set of information to
create a new plant
20
Sexual Reproduction in P
la nts
The following are the
structures involved in plant
reproduction.
Stamen Pistil
-Filament -Stigma
-Anther -Style
Sepal -Ovary
Petal -Ovule
Receptacle
21
lants
22
lants
23
Pollen is produced in the male organs of the flowers - anthers. Pollination occurs
when pollen is transferred from the anthers to the female organs by wind or by
animals. If the female stigma is receptive to a pollen grain, the pollen produces a
pollen tube, which grows through the female tissue to the egg, where fertilization
takes place by the sperm nucleus.
24
Methods of Sexual repro
duction
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
Fertilization Fertilization
POLLINATION
25
Sexual Reproduction:
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
-In the long run, allows the best -Finding a reproductive partner and
adaptations to be widespread producing gametes demands the
within a species, especially in output of a lot of energy
changing circumstances
-The variability of organisms within - Genetic “errors”

a species guarantees that a higher
proportion will survive in perilous
circumstances
26

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PERPETUATION

1. Describe the different ways of how plants

1. Single-celled organisms (Amoeba, paramecium, euglena)

2. When conditions are good, such as plenty of water, food, right

3. For example, the cell of a Paramecium can divide, grow, and

parent organism produces a smaller version of itself (known

A reproduction that does not involve the formation of a seed

• Each method involves taking a cutting of the parent plant, which

In this form, the parent organism

The mushroom is releasing unfertilized spores

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which

Reproduction with two individuals. Most

 The cell division will take place

Requiring 2 parents (egg & sperm)

Place your screenshot here

The embryo is not identical to either parent; it will

-Sexual reproduction in plants has the same principles as in

-The variability of organisms within - Genetic “errors”

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