Clamping

and
Clamping Devices
By
Prof. Charles M.M. Ondieki
Clamping System
• A clamping system must hold the workpiece firmly against the
locating elements and the cut t ing developed during
forces
operation without causing damage to it.
• Speed of operat io n, operat or fat igue and st rat egic posit ioning are
considerat ion while designing clamping syst em
• Clamping device should be incorporated into the jig or fixture, proper clamping in
a fixture directly influence the accuracy and quality of the work done and
production cycle time.
Principles of Clamping
• Position
• Strength
• Productivity
• Operator fatigue
Principles of Clamping
Position:
• Clamping system should be positioned at thick sections of the workpiece.
• Clamping should be posit ioned direct the clamping force on a strong, supported
to part of the workpiece.
• Clamping on unsupported part bends slender workpieces, affects accuracy of
operation.
• Clamping system should not obstruct loading and unloading of the workpiece.
• Clamping system should not obstruct the paths of cutting tool.
• Operator should be able to operate clamps easily and safely

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• A vert ical hole drilled in the bent workpiece would become angular when the
undamped workpiece springs back to its original shape.
Principles of Clamping
• Clamping force shall be directed towards support/ locators.
Principles of Clamping
• Clamp shall be directly in line with the support
Principles of Clamping
• Clamping force shall be directed towards support/ locators.
Principles of Clamping
• Clamps shall apply force against supported area of work piece

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Principles of Clamping
Strength:
• The clamping system should be capable to hold the workpiece securely against
the forces developed during operation.
• Clamping device should be capable to be unaffected by the vibrations generated
during an operation.

• The clamping force should not dent or damage t he workpiece wit h

excessive pressure.
• For clamping weak and fragile workpiece, clamping force be equally
should
distributed over a wider area of the workpiece.

• While clam ping soft workpiece, clam ps should be fit t ed wit h pads or
materials such as Nylon or Fibresofter
to prevent damage and denting of the
workpiece.
• Clamping faces should be hardened by proper treatments to minimize their
wearing out.
Principles of Clamping
Productivity:
• Clamping time should be minimised by
using hand knobs, tommy bars, knurled Handle
screws, handwheels and handles, so
that clamp can be tightened or loosened • - - - - •
manually without using spanners.
Knurled head Tommy
• Most of the clamps use hexagonal nut or bar
hand nut

. . . . . . . -

Hand operated clamping devices

Principles of Clamping

Hand operated clamping devices

Principles of Clamping
Operator Fatigue:
• Operator fatigue should be taken into account.
• Clamping should be operator friendly.
• Clamping and releasing should be easy and less time consuming.
• Maintenance shou Id be easy.
• If considerable number of clamps are to be tightened or loosened repeatedly, it is
better to use pneumatic or hydraulic clamping which reduces operator fatigue
and saves clamping time.

• Hand nut s are more convenient for t he operat or t han hexagonal nuts
because a spanner is not required to t ight en them.
Types of Clamping
• Mechanical Actuation Clamps
• Pneumatic and Hydraulic Clamps

• Vacuum Clamping

• Magnetic Clamping
• Electrostatic Clamping

• Non Mechanical Clamping

• Special Clamping Operations
Types of Clamps
• Screw clamps
• Strap clamps

• Pivoted clamps

• Hinged clamps

• Swinging clamps

• Quick action clamps

• Power clamps C Washer
• Non-conventional clamps

Inclination Spherical washers

FI G 4. 6
TWO POINT CLAMP
Methods of Clamping
Clamping method and system are basically of two categories:
1. General type without much consideration of the speed of clamping operations.
2. Quick acting clamping method / quick action clamps.
Screw Clamps
• They are threaded devices with knurled collar, hand knob, Allen keys, tommy bar
or spanner flats for rotating and tightening the screw.
• They are used for light clamping.

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Screw Clamp
Screw Clamps
• The clamping area of screw is increased by providing a pad.
• The clamping pad remains stationary on the workpiece while the screw rotates
and rubs on the conical seat of the pad.

Floating Pad
Clearance

Spherical thrust
f ac e f or s w i v el - --
Screw Clamps
• A floating pad is used to prevent damage to the workpiece by allowing the screw
to rotate at the point of clamping on the workpiece.
• The swivel type clamping pad provides a spherical joint between the clamping
pad and the clamping screw.
• The swivelling pad adjusts itself to suit the inaccuracies in the clamping face of
the workpiece.
• The cross pin engages the with the screw.
pad
DOWEL

a » N i » v l b l t h l h
Clearance
l '

SECTION'xx'
d

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Spherical thrust
Floating Pad face for
swivel ,
Screw Clamps
• The disadvantage of screw clamp is, the clamping pressure largely depends on the
workpiece, it varies from one workpiece to other.
• It is more time consuming and more efforts are required.
Screw Clamps

Clamping Screw
Screw Clamps

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Clamping Screw
Screw Clamps

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Clamping Screw
Screw Clamps
Strap or Plate Clamps
Strap/ Plate/ Bridge Clamps
• It is very simple and reliable clamping device.
• The clamping force is applied by spring loaded nut.

Inclination Spherical washers

Strap Clamp
Strap/ Plate/ Bridge Clamps
• These are made of rectangular plates and act like levers.
• The clamps are tightened by rotating a hexagonal nut on a clamping screw.

• One end of t he clamp presses against the workpiece and t he ot her end on
the
heel pin.
•
The toe i.e. clamping face of the clamp is curved and the pressure face of the heel
pin is made spherical to take care of any variations in the workpiece.
• Spherical washers permits the clamp to tilt with respect to the screw and the nut.

Inclination Spherical washers

l Simple Plate Clamp

Strap/ Plate/ Bridge Clamps
• Strap clamps are provided with a washer and spring below the clamp.
• The spring lifts t he clamp the nut is loosened and workpiece becomes free.
as
• The Spring holds the clamp in a raised position during loading and unloading of
the workpiece.
• Washer prevents the entry of the spring in the hole of the clamp.
• Clamp is rotated about the stud to release the workpiece.

Inclination Spherical washers

Simple Plate Clamp

Strap Clamp: Workpiece Variation
• The clamp is prevented from rotating during clamping by providing pin at the
heel-end.
• The clamp stud is usually at least 10mm in diameter and nearer to the toe-end
than heel-end of the clamp.

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FI G 4.l
SOLID CLAMP
Strap Clamp: Workpiece Variation
• The heel pin engages the clamp plate to prevent it from rotating during clamping.

HEEL
WOR . PI N

FIG 4.2
CLAMP WI T H HEEL PIN
S t r a p / Plate/ Bridge Clamp

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Bridge Clamp
Retractable Strap Clamp
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• When clamps fall in the path of
loading and unloading, they are
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made slotte to permit linear I
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withdrawal.
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• The clamp is retraced to the position r-· Clamp
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shown by chain dotted line during r d ± ± ± l moveme Retracte

nt d
loading and unloading of the position
workpiece.
• Slotted clamp plate so that the
workpiece can be released without
clamp rotation.

• Adjustable pin is used where

heel
workpiece height likely to vary Slotted Strap Clamp with
is
more considerably. adjustable heel pin
Retractable Strap Clamp
CLAMP M O V T,

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FIG 4.4
r · ; CLAMP WITH ADJ USTAB LE

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HE E L PI N
"U" Clamp
• U Clamp can be altogether to facilitate loading and unloading of the
removed
workpiece.

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45°

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U Clamp with open slot

Two Point Clamp
• It is used to clamp two workpieces or to clamp a single workpiece at two
locations.

FIG 4.6
TWO POINT CLAMP
Swinging Strap Clamp
• This type of clamp can be rotated by 90° to clear the passage for loading and
unloading the workpiece.
• The clamp is swung to the position shown by the chain dotted line during loading
and unloading of the workpieces.

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Workpiece
Special Strap Clamp
• The clamp shape can be changed to suit the workpiece and the operation.

Cutter

Slot

Tool slot in clamp

• Clamps can be made slotted in centre to permit passage of the cutter.

Special Strap Clamp
• The clamp shape can be changed to suit the workpiece and the operation.

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Spider Clamp or Three-point Clamp

• Circular and symmetrical workpieces can be clamped well with a spider clamp
having three clamping points, no heel pin is necessary.
Swinging Strap Clamp
• Figure shows a 45° swinging diagonal
clamp developed for clamping the
workpiece to the jig.
• The ends of the clamp are chamfered
to enable loading and unloading of the
clamp.
• The stop pin is fitted in the jig plate
facilitate bringing the clamp blindly in
the clamping position and
loading/unloading positions.
• The clamping bolt is welded to the
B
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clamp to simplify swinging of the clamp
along with the bolt.
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Mot
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Special
body
swing clamp for drill jig for Terminal
Box holes in electrical motor body
Strap Clamp
• Gooseneck Clamp can reduce the clamp height with respect to the work piece
height.

Gooseneck Clamp
Strap Clamp
• Strap Clamp clamping two work pieces

Strap Clamp
Strap Clamp: Workpiece Variation
• Spherical washers are used in pairs. The spherical seat of washers transmits the
clamping pressure from the nut to the clamp.

• Heel pin pressure surface should also be made spherical to permit some tilting of
the clamp.
• Misalignment between the clamp surface and the clamping nut due to tilting of
the clamp can be countered by use of spherical washers between the clamp and
the nut.

Spherical washers
Radius at
clamping point

Clamping variable
workpieces
Workpiece !
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heel pin
Strap Clamp: Workpiece Variation

Universal Clamp with cylindrical washer

Edge Clamps
Edge Strap Clamp
• Edge Clamps used for clamping workpieces on the edges during facing
are or when only horizontal surface is to be machined.
operations
• Tightening of the hexagonal nut wedges the clamp between the workpiece and
the angular heel surface.

-· -·-·-· -· -.

Workpiece

Edge Strap Clamp

Edge Jaw Clamp
• Edge jaw clamp slides down the inclined heel as the hexagonal nut is tightened.
• Tightening of the hexagonal nut pushes the jaw against the workpiece to clamp its
edge.

Edge Jaw Clamp

Pivoted Clamps
Pivoted Strap Clamp
• Clamps are often pivoted at the centre to simplify their operation.
• The knurled headed screw is used to loosen and tighten the clamp.

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Pivoted Strap Clamp

Pivoted Edge Clamp
• The pivot pin is nearer to the clamping point.
• The screw is shifted to the end opposite the clamping point.

• The clamping screw becomes more accessible to the operator.

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Pivoted Edge Clamps
Pivoted Two-way Clamp
• Pivot action can be used for two-way clamping of the workpiece.
• Tightening of the screw makes the curved surface of the clamp touch the
workpiece and further tightening of the screw clamps the workpiece vertically
and horizontally.

• Two-way clamp also pushes the workpiece against two locators.

Workpiece 'I Pivoted Two-way Clamp

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Hinged / Latch Clamps
Hinged Clamp
• Hinged clamp provides rapid clearance of the passage for loading and unloading.
• It is clamped with swinging eyebolt. The clamp has open slot through which the
eyebolt can be swung into position.
• Tightening of the hexagonal nut clamps the workpiece.
• For loading and unloading the workpiece, the hexagonal nut is loosened half-a•
turn and the eyebolt is swung out of the open slot to free the hinged plate.

Hinged
eye-bolt

Hinged Clamp
Stop

.- • - • - . - • - •
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Hinged Clamp
• The latch and the stud movements are controlled.
• The latch is in fully open position when the faces indicated by "X" are in contact.

• Hand nut is used to clamp the workpiece.

Hinged Two-way Clamp
• The workpiece is pushed against the location pins by the pivoted edge clamp
which also houses the swinging eyebolt.
• The knurled nut is used to clamp the workpiece against the location pins.
• Workpiece is clamped in two direction by the edge clamp and the pad in the
hinge.
• For loading and unloading the workpiece, the knurled nut is loosened half-a-turn
and the eyebolt is swung out of the open slot to free the hinged plate.

Hinged clamp
Pivoted edge clamp

Swinging Hinged Two- Clamp

clamping I h
way
pad eyebolt
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Hinged Clamp
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Pivoted clamping '

block
Hinged Clamp with pivoted clamping block
Hinged Clamp
• Two-way clamp is an extension of the latch-type clamp.

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WORKPIECE

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FI G 4 . 11 FIXED
TWO - WAY
CLA M P
Button Clamps
• These may be fixed at one point or removable as required.
C Washer
C Washer
• It is a strap clamp with an open slot.

• It is simple and quick in operation.

• The slot per mit s removal of C Washer af ter slight loosening of the
hexagonal quick
nut. a

• The C washer is often chained to the fixture or pivoted around a shoulder screw
to prevent its loss.

• The pivot shoulder screw makes the C washer captive.

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C Washer Captive C washer

Swing Washer
• To load or unload the work piece, the locking nut is rotated by giving it about one
turn.

• The st ud and bolt sizes are select ed in such a manner t hat when t he C
Clamp is
removed, the work piece can freely pass over the nut

WORKPIECE

CHAIN TO
FIXTURE
Swinging Clamps
Swinging Clamps
... ...
• Theses clamps are swung to the position.
• They rotate in the plane of the plate.

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• Figure depict the swinging clamp pivoted I

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about the shoulder screw. ' •

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• Workpiece is clamped by knurled head !
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screw.
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.Swinging strap clamp

Swinging Clamps
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Workpiece

Swinging strap clamp

Swinging Clamps
• Swinging latch with an open slot at one end ..
• The latch is sw ung around pivot Pat t he ot her end.
• Shoulder screw S ent ers t he open slot during
• The workpiece clamped by knurled head screw.
operatision.
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Pivot P

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Swinging latch
Swinging Clamps
• Types of latches and their methods
of operation.
• Chain-dotted line shows the latches
in their clear loading and unloading
position.
• Shoulder screw s often as
used
are pivot s for t hrust r'·;i!
,·-·-·
pads. shoulder diameter must be
• The y
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bigger than the thrust diameter so a»

that the shoulder face acts as a stop
when the screw is tightened.
Swinging Clamps
• Swinging clamp with C Washer
Quick Action Clamps
Toggle Clamp «
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s
• They provide considerable distance for ' ' 4

of the
4

loading and unloading ' s ' ' s

'
workpiece. '
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• The C frame clamp be swung to the i
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can
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chain dotted position during loading

and unloading.
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Workpiece
C-frame type toggle clamp
Workpiece

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Pusher type toggle clamp I j
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Elga.228
Toggle clamps
 Toggle Clamp
• The pusher-type toggle clamp withdraws backwards during unclamping.
• Toggle clamps are provided with clamping screws to accommodate workpiece
variations.

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Unclamped Position Centre Position Over-centre, Clamped Position

....._
_
Toggle Clamp
Quick Turn Screw/ Thumb Screw
• It is used to clamp hinged jig plates and Mating face
. Slot in
latches within a quarter turn. ; clamped
plate
• In unclamped position head of the thumb
screw can pass through the slot provided in
Unclamp
the jig/latch plate. Clamping
~ncla position
Clamping
• The plate can swung clear of the thumb
.as
pos
n
8 T
screw head.
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• For clamping, the thumb screw is turned I I

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90° so it s head is right angles to t he slot

in the plat e.
• The mating surface of the thumb screw Fig.3.30,
head must be filed for proper clamping. Quarter-turn screw

• Quarter-turn screws are suitable for light

loads only.

• For heavy loads, swinging eyebolt and knob

combination is used.
Quick Action Hand Nut
• They are available with the manufacturers of standard parts.

• Cast hand nuts are more convenient and less expensive than the turned nuts

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FIG 4,14 "
CAST HAND-
NU
Cast Hand Nut
Cam
• Quick clamping by cam is very effective and very simple in operation.
• The cam type clamping system is used for clamping through some interior parts
where other simple system will not have access.

Cla
m
Cam
• Cam shifts its mating surfaces to clamp or unclamp the workpieces.

CLAMP

FIG 4.22 SECTION THROUGH

C A M - O P E R AT E D CLAMP CAM AT ' ¥-¥'

SWI N G L A T CH

TO
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CL

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FIG 4.23 L A Tc
C A M - O P E R AT E D LA TC H CL A M P
Multiple Clamping
Double Clamping
• Two workpieces with limited variation can be clamped by a single strap clamp.
• The spherical washers are provided between the nut and the clamp which allow
the clamp to tilt slightly to suit the variation in the two workpieces.

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Double clamping
Equaliser
• Clamp is pivoted around a pin.

• Equaliser clamp pivots to suit the variation in the workpieces.

• Equaliser principle can be extended to clamp more than two workpieces.
Equaliser
• In multiple clamping, a pivoted equaliser is used for clamping two unequal
workpieces simultaneously.

• A pivot pin is used to pivot the equaliser.

Pivot pin - Equaliser

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Unequal workpieces
Equaliser for two workpieces
Equaliser

Equaliser for two workpieces

Equaliser
• Many even number of workpieces can be clamped simultaneously by a single
clamp.

Equaliser for
four
workpieces

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workpieces

Equaliser for four workpieces

Equaliser
• Only an even number of workpieces can be clamped by an equaliser.

Equaliser for
Equaliser four
d b d
workpieces

Unequal workpieces

Equaliser for two workpieces

workpieces

Equaliser for four workpieces

Stacking
• Workpieces can be staked together and the entire stack can be secured by a single
clamp.
• Workpieces can be sandwiched between locators and the multi-layered sandwich
can be secured by a single clamp.

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fig.932
Stack clamping

• All the workpieces are clamping together by hexagonal head bolt and one end of
the fixture.
Stacking
• In string milling fixture, round workpieces are sandwiched between V locators.

•
Top guide plate

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- Sliding V
Tie bars block Clamping Vertical stopper
screw rest

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Standard string milling fixture for round parts
Power Clamping
Power Clamping
• Power clamping is used to simultaneously operate a number of clamps.
• Power clamping can be broadly divided in to the following categories:
• Fluid power clamping
o Pneumatic clamping
o Hydraulic clamping
• Vacuum clamping
• Magnetic clamping
• Electrostatic clamping
Summary: Principle of Clamping
• Positon clamp on strong supported part of the workpiece, clear of the workpiece
loading/ unloading and cutting tool paths.

• Clamp st rength be adequate to withstand operational forces without

should
damaging the workpiece.

• Quick operation without spanner, levers, knobs.

• Pneumatic/ hydraulic operation for simultaneous actuation of numerous clamps.

• Compensation for variation in the workpiece through radii at clamping point and
on the heel pin, use of spherical washers and equalisers.
References
1. Jig and Fixture Design Manual, Erik K. Henrikson, lndustrail Press.
2. Jigs and Fixture, P.H. Joshi, THM.
3. An introduction to jig and tool Design, M.H.A. - Kempster, Ill Ed.Pub ELBS.
Thank You
Ahsante Sana