Pipeline Engineering

(20PEB331E)

Dr. Amit Verma

Email: Amit.Verma@spt.pdpu.ac.in
Assistant Professor
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, India
 Course Details

Course: Pipeline Engineering

Course Code: 20PEB331E
Day & Timing: 1:00 PM to 2:00 PM (Thursday, Friday)
Credit: 2-0-0 ( 2 Lectures)
Venue: C004 and C005
Faculty Details: Dr. Amit Verma/Dr Achinta Bera
 Syllabus
UNIT-I (6 Hrs)
Modes and comparison among different modes of transportation of petroleum products, Advantages and
limitations of pipelines modes, Introduction to pipeline project, Economics and cost structure of Pipeline project,
Economic pipe diameter
UNIT-II (7 Hrs)
Introduction to outline for Design & construction of onshore-offshore pipelines, Pipeline codes and standards,
Overview of O & G field Processes, Types of Onshore/ Offshore Pipelines, Factors affecting pipeline design (External,
fluid properties, pipeline parameters and Fluid flow considerations. Loop- lines
UNIT-III (7
Hrs)
Design of Liquid pipelines: Hydraulic Analysis, Relevant Pipeline Parameters, Types of fluids, Pressure Loss
calculations, Maximum allowable operating Pressure, Pipeline sizing, Diameter sizing, Determination of wall
Thickness, Station Spacing Pumping Power calculations, Design of Gas Pipelines: Factors affecting Gas Pipeline
Design, Pressure Loss calculations, Gas pipeline Hydraulic Calculations, as Compression / Power requirement
UNIT-IV (6
Hrs)
Construction Of pipelines: Introduction, Onshore & Offshore pipeline Construction. Commissioning of pipeline.
Pipeline Operations, Pigging, integrity assessment by Intelligent pigging and Instrumentation, Monitoring and
Control Thru SCADA application, Corrosion and control/ Cathodic Protection.
 Syllabus
Course Outcomes:
CO1: Understand the roles and responsibilities of a pipeline engineer in the oil and gas industry
CO2: Apply pipeline codes, regulations and standards in both offshore and onshore environments.
CO3: Attribute pipeline terminology, various components and materials used and the fluid properties
that affect pipeline transportation.
CO4: Evaluate forces acting on a pipeline system in operating conditions.
CO5: Analyze the processes involved in the prevention of corrosion and the inspection of pipeline and
its components.
CO6: Adapt to various safety issues and practices involved in onshore and offshore pipeline
operations.

REFERENCES
 Alkazraji Duraid, (2008) A quick guide to pipeline engineering WOODHEAD Publishing Limited
 Vincent, Jecqes (2010) Fundamentals of Pipeline Engineering, Gulf Publishing
 Antaki, G. A. (2003) Piping and Pipeline Engineering, Marcell Dekker.
 Modelling of oil and products and gas pipeline transportation by Mikhail V Luric
 Pipeline Engineering by Henry Liu
 Pipeline
Pipe is defined as a closed conduit, usually of circular cross section. It
can be made of any appropriate material such as steel or plastic.

Pipeline refers to a long line of connected segments of pipe, with

pumps, valves, control devices, and other equipment/facilities needed
for operating the system.
 History
• Use of pipeline for crude transportation is as old as the oil industry (oil was
first discovered in 1859 by Colonel Edwin Drake in Titusville, Pennsylvania)

• Pipelines were then of very basic types to move oil from drill holes to nearby
tankers or refineries.

• With the growth of the oil business, transporting oil over larger distances
became necessary; quality control of pipe manufacturing became a
challenge.

• Soon, people started using steel pipes instead of iron pipes

• Challenge is to make better pipes, develop better technology to install pipe

in the ground, and monitoring and inspection of its condition after
installation.

• Now a days Industry uses sophisticated controls and computer systems,

advanced pipe materials and corrosion prevention techniques. 6
Taxonomy of Pipeline
Taxonomy of Pipeline (Contd…)

8
 PIPELINE PIPING
Series of straight pipe welded Complex network of pipe & fittings
together for a long distance within the defined boundaries of the
plant

underground, aboveground and Mostly above ground with very few

underwater such as subsea underground services.
pipeline

Mostly large diameter Can be from ½” to 80” in diameter

Use of pipefittings are limited Very wide range of pipefittings are

used

Few equipment are used within Verity of equipment used within the
the Pipeline system piping system

Design in accordance with ASME ASME B31.3 , ASME B31.1

B31.4, ASME B31.8
• Piping • Pipeline
Pipeline system Layout
Importance of Pipelines in Petroleum Industry
 Gathering crude from individual leases and delivering it to a central
location for processing.
 Pipelines are used for gathering systems in oil fields, moving the crude
to refineries or marine terminals, and moving refined products from
refineries to local distribution points.
 Transporting crude oil from fields to port terminals for tanker
transportation.
 Moving crude oil from processing centers and supply points to the
refineries and other market destinations.
 Moving gas from fields to gas processing plants and from these plants
to markets or LNG facilities.
 Distributing petroleum products from the refineries to the distribution
centers.
 
 Transported Materials in Pipelines

To refineries:

Crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGL)

From refineries:

1. Gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, aviation gasoline, kerosene, home

heating oil, propane

2. Propylene, ethane, ethylene, anhydrous ammonia

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 Crude Oil Pipelines
 Crude is collected by pipelines from inland production areas

 Crude is also transported by pipelines from ports, where

ocean tankers deliver

 Pipeline is one of the safest, most efficient, and economical

ways to move crude

 Pipelines make it possible to move large quantities of crude to

major markets, where refineries are located, from where they
are produced, often far away from these markets

 Most crude oil pipelines are underground (though some are

above ground such as parts of the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline
System, TAPS)
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Petroleum Pipeline Systems
 Natural Gas Pipelines
Three major types of pipelines are found along the
transportation route bringing natural gas from the point of
production to the point of use:

 Gathering pipeline systems gather raw natural gas from

production wells and transport it to large cross-country
transmission pipelines

 Transmission pipeline systems transport natural gas

thousands of kilometers to processing facilities

 Natural gas distribution pipeline systems distribute natural

gas to homes and businesses through large distribution lines
mains and service lines
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Natural Gas Pipelines

17
Modes of Transportation
 Modes of Transportation
Tankers are generally cost effective for medium to large volumes
when transported over very long distances. They also offer
flexibility in loading and unloading point.
They can be chartered at short notice (when available) without any
capital cost.

Rail cars are mostly used for products, but have been used to
transport small and medium quantities of crude oil where there is
existing rail infrastructure.

Road transportation by truck is viable only for transporting small

quantities over short distances. Road transportation is mainly used
for products, but has been used for crude oil.
 Modes of Transportation
Barges are mainly used for transporting products over short to
medium distances. They are normally used in coastal areas or
where there is an existing river/canal infrastructure.

Pipelines can be used for oil, gas and products, and are usually
the only viable option for gas. Pipelines can be used over a range
of volumes and distances. However, for very short distances and
small volume or seasonal demand or for very long distances,
Pipeline is unlikely to be cost effective.
 Pipeline Mode of transport
Pipelines are most cost-effective for
higher ranges of Cost/ ton-km.

For small volumes and/or for short

distances, Pipelines are not very
economical. In such cases, other
alternatives should be considered.

The Cost comparison is shown in figure

 
Fig: illustrates the unit cost curves for various
alternatives
Pipelines Advantages over other modes of
transportation:

 Low unit cost ($/ton/km),

 High reliability, such as immunity to weather condition among
others,
 Safety (low number of incidents/km/year),
 Low environmental impact, including low spillage,
 High land utilization. Right-of-way may use multiple lines.
Limitation of pipeline transportation of crude oil, Petroleum
products & Natural gas

 Fixed location,
 High capital cost,
 Long lead-time for construction, and
 Limited throughput flexibility.
 Important Pipelines in India
1. Naharkatia-Barauni-Nunmati Crude Pipeline (1,167 km
long, first in India)

2. Mumbai High-Mumbai-Ankleshwar-Koyali Pipeline (210

km long, double line)

3. Salaya-Mathura Crude Pipeline (1,256 km long)

4. Hajira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur Gas Pipeline (1,750 km long)

5. Jamnagar-Loni LPG Pipeline (1,269 km long)

6. Kandla-Bhatinda Crude Pipeline (1,331 km long)

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25
26
Category
Onshore GAIL
Natural Gas Pipeline in India
Sub-category Type of Pipeline / Owner/Name of Pipeline
GAIL Total*
Length (KM) - 31.03.2017
11077.393
Onshore GAIL HVJ-GREP-DVPL 4659
Onshore GAIL DVPL-GREP Upgradation (DVPL-II & VDPL) 1118.73
Onshore GAIL Chhainsa-Jhajjar-Hissar P/L (SNPL PART) 265.02
Onshore GAIL Dadri Bawana Nangal 835.227
Onshore GAIL Dahej-Panvel-Dhabol 874.97
Onshore GAIL Kochi-Koottanad-Bangalore- Mangalore (Phase-1) 48
Onshore GAIL Dhabol Bangalore 1097.41
Onshore GAIL South Gujarat Regional 538
Onshore GAIL North Gujarat Regional (Ahmedabad) 133
Onshore GAIL Rajasthan Regional (Jaisalmer) 151.399
Onshore GAIL Cauvery Basin 278.152
Onshore GAIL K G Basin 881.38
Onshore GAIL Assam (Lakwa) 7.825
Onshore GAIL Tripura (Agartala) 60.6
Onshore GAIL Mumbai Regional 128.68
Onshore IOCL: Dadri Panipat
IOCL:RLNG
Dadri
Pipeline
Panipat RLNG Pipeline 140.413
Onshore ONGC: 20'' Agartala
ONGC:Dome-OTPC
20'' Agartala
Palatana
Dome-OTPC Palatana 52.8
Onshore GSPL: Network incl.
GSPL:Spur
Network
Lines incl. Spur Lines 2612
Onshore DNPL: Duliajan toDNPL:
Numaligarh
Duliajan to Numaligarh 192
Onshore AGCL: Duliajan toAGCL:
Numaligarh(2)
Duliajan to Numaligarh(2) 619.094
Onshore RIL: East-West Pipeline(3)
RIL: East-West Pipeline(3) 1480
Onshore Cairn: Raageshwari
Cairn:
Bhogat
Raageshwari
PipelineBhogat Pipeline 592
Onshore Total Onshore GasTotal
Pipeline
Onshore Gas Pipeline 16765.7
Off shore ONGC ONGC 987
Off shore ONGC 28" MUT Gas Pipeline 204
Off shore ONGC 26" BUT Gas Pipeline 203
Off shore ONGC 26" HUT Gas Pipeline 81
Off shore ONGC 36" BPA - Hazira (gas) 231
Off shore ONGC 42" BPB - Hazira (gas) 244
Off shore ONGC 20" Uran Trombay Gas Trunk Line 24
Off shore Total Off shore Gas
Total
Pipeline
Off shore Gas Pipeline 987
Total Gas Pipeline
Total Gas Pipeline
Total Gas Pipeline 17752.7
 World’s Longest Natural Gas Pipelines
1. West-East Gas Pipeline – 8,707 km
― Operated by PetroChina, connecting Tarim Basin in Xianjing to Shanghai
with a carrying capacity of 17 billion cubic meters per year

2. GASUN Pipeline – 4,989 km

― Will connect Bolivia with northern Brazilian states with a capacity of 11
billion cubic meter per year

3. Yamal-Europe Pipeline – 4,196 km

― Connects the natural gas reserves of Western Siberia to Austria with a
capacity of 33 billion cubic meters per year (diameter 142 cm)

4. Trans-Saharan Pipeline – 4,127 km

― Is expected to connect onshore and offshore gas reserves of Nigeria to
Algeria and Southern Europe; will carry 30 billion cubic meters per year of
gas across the Sahara desert.
 World’s Longest Crude Oil Pipelines
1. Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean Pipeline – 4,587 km
― Operated by Russian transportation company Transneft; will be able to
transport 300,000 barrels of crude per day across Siberia to China when
fully completed

2. Druzbha Pipeline – 4,000 km

― Runs from Central Russia to Northern Germany and has a capacity of
1.2-1.4 million barrels of crude per day

3. Keystone Pipeline – 3,456 km

― Initially connected Alberta, Canada to Patoka, IL in the US with a capacity
of 830,000 barrels of crude per day. It was later extended to Houston, TX.

4. Kazakhstan-China Pipeline – 2,798 km

― Connects Kazakh Caspian sea to Xianjing, China with an expected
capacity of 142 million barrels per year
 Line pipe is the basic component of every pipeline. Line
pipe is usually metallic, such as carbon steel or corrosion
resistant alloy. Line pipe is normally supplied from
approved pipe mills in 12-meter lengths with a specified
external coating.

 Pig Traps are required to allow the safe loading, launching,

receiving and retrieval of pigs without disrupting the fluid
in the pipeline. Most pipelines usually require routine as
well as intelligent pigging to monitor the condition and the
integrity of the line.
 Block Valve Stations are used to isolate section of the pipeline
and limit the release of line contents in the event of a leak or
pipeline rupture. For liquid lines, the spacing is usually based
on limiting potential spill volume for pollution consideration.
For gas lines, spacing is mainly based on safety and
economic factors.

 Emergency Shut-Down Valves (ESD) are installed at both end

of a pipeline to enable automatic shutdown of the line in the
event of an emergency.
 Cathodic Protection System is usually installed as a backup
to the external coating to prevent corrosion of the external
surface of the pipeline.
 Pressure Protection System is required to protect a pipeline
when the line pressure exceeds the Maximum Allowable
Incidental Pressure (MAIP). Either a Pressure Safety Valve
(PSV) or a High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS)
is usually installed.

 Telemetry System is required to permit pipeline monitoring

and remote operation from a central location.

 Leak Detection System is often installed in a pipeline to warn

that a leak has occurred. The requirement and the type of
leak detection system depend upon the transported fluid,
sensitivity of the environment and the location class.
 Responsibilities of Pipeline Engineers
Provide complete engineering expertise as well as technical support to
manufacturing management pertinent to compression, pipelines,
treating, processing and measurement facilities.
Provide primary selection, sizing along with layout of projected new or
expanded facilities.
Develop engineering designs and diagrams related to pipeline.
Prepare maps for pipelines, processing, dehydration, compression and
treating facilities along with meter stations and various gas facilities.
Prepare process flow diagrams .
Analyze “what-if" scenarios, evaluate process engineering and
hydraulic of equipment and piping systems.
Prepare project scopes, AFEs (Authority for Expenditures), cost
estimates and proposals for all new projects, equipment sizing,
modifications and related parameters.
 Responsibilities of Pipeline Engineers
Manage specific projects as required inclusive of direct
supervision for constructing activities and management of all
contract inspectors.
Develop as an administer and supervise project budgets along with
schedules.
Head responsibility to complete activities pertinent to pipeline risk
analysis, evaluation, remediation and integration of data.
Identify integrity assets’ threats and implement integrity
assessments suitable for determined threats.
Identify repair, analyze mitigative actions effectiveness.
Perform as single point contact amongst respective area.
Recommend solutions for further study along with report changes.
Perform as key contact between GM personnel and Admin Area for
all safety associated matters.
Advantages of Liquid Transmission pipelines:

 During inspection using intelligent pigs, the speed is easier to

control.

 The pipelines are easier to inspect using ultrasonic.

 It is possible to transport products in batches.

 Liquid is incompressible, and so the consequence of failure is

less critical (i.e. flow can quickly be stopped).

 Flow is more controllable.

Disadvantages of Liquid Pipelines:

 There is a greater risk of pollution when leaks occur, i.e.

hydrocarbons are heavier than air.

 Pipelines can easily become clogged with waxy deposits.

 There is a greater risk of corrosion from ‘sour’ operating

conditions
Advantages of Gas Transmission pipelines:

 Pollution is less critical since gases such as methane are

lighter than air and diffuse into the atmosphere.

 Gases can easily be vented.

 Gas pipelines suffer less from deposits than liquid pipelines.

 ‘Sour’ corrosion is not as big a problem as on liquid pipelines.

Disadvantages of Gas Pipelines:

 Consequence of failure is higher since the gas is

compressible and flow is not as easily controlled.

 Inspection using ultrasonic tools is more complicated and

specialist tools are required.

 During inspection using intelligent pigs, the speed is more

difficult to control owing to the compressible nature of gas.