UPDATES ON CHAPTER 2 :

MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE
OF THE PHILIPPINES
NSCP 2015, VOLUME 1

Ronaldo S. Ison, F.ASEP, PP 2002‐2004, FPICE

Chancellor, College of Fellows
 Significant Changes to Chapter 2
Minimum Design Loads

 Load combinations for are changed due to

the use of strength‐based wind loading based
on ASCE 7‐10
 Additional live load designations for parking,
garage, and ramp live loading
 Basic wind speed are revised based on
latest studies
 For communication towers, ANSI TIA/EIA
222G latest edition is fully referenced in the
NSCP
 Significant Changes to Chapter 2
Minimum Design Loads
 Near‐source factors are revised to consider distance
to source <2 km to be distinct and with higher values
 Revision of magnitude limits for Seismic Source Type
A
 Use of spectral acceleration based on ASCE/SEI 7‐10
is recognized as an alternative procedure for
determining earthquake forces

 Rest of the Sections in Chapter 2 are unchanged with

reference to NSCP 2010 6th Edition
Material
Densities
Loadings
Dead Loads
Loadings
Live Loads
Loadings
Live Loads
Loadings
Live Loads
Live Load
Reduction
Live Load
Reduction
Loadings
Roof Loads
 Loadings
Earthquake Loads

SCOPE
‐ Structures or portions thereof shall be, as a
minimum, be designed and constructed to resist
the effects of seismic ground motion

SEISMIC AND WIND DESIGN

‐ When the code prescribed produces greater
effects, the wind design shall govern, but
detailing requirements and limitations of Section
208 Earthquake Loads shall be followed.
 Earthquake Loads
Design Base Shear – Static Force Procedure

Cv I (208‐9)
V  RT W

The total design base shear need not exceed the

following:
2.5Ca I (208‐10)
V  R W
 Earthquake Loads
Design Base Shear – Static Force Procedure

The total design base shear shall not be less than

the following:
V  0.11Ca I W (208‐11)

In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear

shall also not be less than the following:
(208‐12)
0.8ZNv I
V  R W
Occupancy
Categories
Occupancy
Categories
Seismic Importance Factors

NSCP 2015 and NSCP 2010

Soil Profile Types

NSCP 2015 and NSCP 2010

Seismic Source Types

NSCP 2015 NSCP 2010

Near Source Factors

NSCP 2015 NSCP 2010

Seismic Coefficients

NSCP 2015 NSCP 2010

Seismic Coefficients

NSCP 2015 NSCP 2010

Response Modification and
Overstrength Factors
 Seismic Map
of the Philippines

The Philippines is divided

into two (2) Seismic Zones :

Seismic Zone 2 (Z=0.2)

Islands oF Palawan,
Tawi‐ Tawi and Sulu

Seismic Zone 4
(Z=0.4) Rest of the
Philippine Islands
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Distribution of Active
Faults and Trenches
(PHIVOLCS)
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults in the

Cordillera
Administrative Region
(CAR)
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 1
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 2
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults in Region 3

 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 4A
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults in Region 4B

 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 5
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 6
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 7
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 8
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 9
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 10
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 11
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 12
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and

Trenches in Region 13
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults and Trenches in Autonomous Region

of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
 Fault Map
of the Philippines

Active Faults in
National Capital
Region (NCR)
 Earthquake Loads
Design Base Shear – Static Force Procedure

Cv I (208‐9)
V  RT W

The total design base shear need not exceed the

following:
2.5Ca I (208‐10)
V  R W
 Earthquake Loads
Design Base Shear – Static Force Procedure

The total design base shear shall not be less than

the following:
V  0.11Ca I W (208‐11)

In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear

shall also not be less than the following:
(208‐12)
0.8ZNv I
V  R W
 Earthquake Loads
Building Period, T

Ct = 0.0853 for steel SMRF

T = Ct(hn)3/4
= 0.0853(30)3/4
= 1.093 sec

30 m
Ct = 0.0731 for concrete SMRF
T = Ct(hn)3/4
= 0.0731(30)3/4
= 0.937 sec
Ground
Ct = 0.0488 for other systems
6m

T = Ct(hn)3/4
= 0.0488(30)3/4
= 0.626 sec
 Earthquake Loads
Sample Problem – Design Base Shear

Given:
Zone 4, Z = 0.4
Seismic Source Type = A

25m
Distance to seismic source = 10 km
Soil Profile Type = Sc
I = 1.0
R = 8.5
W = 7300 kN
 Earthquake Loads
Sample Problem – Design Base Shear

Determine the structure period T using Method A.

For concrete moment –resisting frames, Ct is 0.0731
T = Ct(hn)3/4
= 0.0731(25)3/4
= 0.81 sec.
Find near source factors Na and Nv from Tables
208‐9 and 208‐10 for Seismic Source Type A and
distance to seismic source of 10 km.
Na = 1.0
Nv = 1.2
 Earthquake Loads
Sample Problem – Design Base Shear

Determine seismic coefficients Ca and Cv from

Tables 208‐11 and 208‐12 for soil profile type Sc
and Zone 4.

Ca = 0.40 Na Cv = 0.56 Nv
= 0.4x1.0 = 0.56x1.2
= 0.4 = 0.672
 Earthquake Loads
Sample Problem – Design Base Shear

The total design base shear in a given direction is:

V = CVI/RT x W (NSCP
208‐4)
= 0.672(1.0)/(8.5x.81) x 7300
= 712 kN (GOVERNS)
the total design base shear need not exceed
the following:
V = 2.5(CaI)/R x W (NSCP
208‐5)
= 2.5(0.40)1.0/8.5 x 7300
 Earthquake Loads
Sample Problem – Design Base Shear

the base shear shall not be less than the

following:
V = 0.11CaIW (NSCP 208‐6)
= 0.11(0.40)(1.0)(7300)
= 321 kN
in Seismic Zone 4, the total design base shear
shall also be not less than:
V = 0.8NvI/R x W (NSCP
208‐7)
= 0.8(0.40)(1.20)(1.0)/8.5 x 7300
= 330 kN
 Earthquake Loads
Vertical Distribution

The total design base shear, V, shall be distributed at

different floor levels according to the following:
Fx = (V‐Ft) x wxhx
wxhx
where:
V : design base shear
Ft : .07TV, when period, T > 0.7 second, else Ft = 0
wx : mass at floor level
hx : height of floor from ground level
Earthquake Loads
Dynamic Analysis – Response Spectrum
 Load Combinations

Buildings, towers and other vertical structures

and all portions thereof shall be designed to
resist the load combinations in NSCP Section
203.

The critical effect can occur when one or more

of the contributing loads are not acting.
 Load Definitions

 D = dead load
 E = earthquake load
 Em = estimated maximum earthquake force that
can be developed in the structure
 F = load due to fluids with well‐defined pressures and
maximum heights
 H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water
in soil
 L = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted
live load reduction
 Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load
reduction
 Load Definitions

 L = live load, except roof live load, including any

permitted live load reduction
 Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load
reduction
 R = rain load on the undeflected roof
 T = self‐straining force and effects arising from
contraction or expansion resulting from
temperature change, shrinkage,
moisture change, creep in component materials,
movement due to differential
settlement, or combinations thereof
 W = load due to wind pressure
 Load Combinations for
RC Design and Steel Design

 U = 1.4 (D + F)
 U = 1.2 (D+ F+T ) + 1.6 (L+H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
 U = 1.2 D + 1.6 (Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.50 W)
 U = 1.2 D + 1.0 W + f1 L +0.5 (Lr or R)
 U = 1.2 D + 1.0 E+ f1 L
 U = 0.9 D + 1.0 W + 1.6 H
 U = 0.9 D + 1.0 E + 1.6 H
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public
assembly,
for
andlive
forloads
garagein excess of 4.8 kPa,
live load
= 0.5 for other live loads
 Load Combination for Strength Design

Application of the strength design load

combinations that involve the seismic load E
for the moment resisting frame

Z = 0.4
Ca = 0.44
I = 1.0
ρ = 1.1
f1 = 0.5
 Load Combination for Strength Design

Beam A‐B and Column C‐D are elements of the special moment‐
resisting frame. Structural analysis has provided the following
individual beam moments at A, and the column axial loads and
moments at C due to dead load, office building live load, and
lateral seismic forces.
Dead Load D Live Load L Lateral
Beam Moment Seismic
at A Load
135EkN‐m
h 65 kN‐m 165 kN‐m
Column C‐D axial load 400 kN 180 kN 490 kN
Column Moment at C 55 kN‐m 30 kN‐m 220 kN‐m
PROBLEM : Find the strength design moment at beam end A
and strength design axial load and moment at column top C.
 Load Combination for Strength Design

Strength design moment at beam end A.

Determine earthquake load E:
The earthquake load E consists of two components as
shown below in equation (208‐1). Eh is due to
horizontal forces, and Ev is due to vertical forces.
E = ρEh + Ev (Section 208‐
1)
The moment due to vertical earthquake forces is
calculated
Ev = 0.5CaID = 0.5(0.44)(1.0)(135) = 29.7 kN‐m
 Load Combination for Strength Design

The moment due to horizontal earthquake

forces is given as
Eh = 165 kN‐m
Therefore
= ρEh + Ev = 1.1(165)+29.7 = 211 kN‐
m
 Load Combination for Strength Design

 U = 1.4 (D + F) = 1.4D
 U = 1.2 (D+ F+T ) + 1.6 (L+H) + 0.5(L or R)
r

= 1.2D + 1.6L
 U = 1.2 D + 1.6 (L or R) + (f L or 0.50 W)
r 1

= 1.2D + 0.5L
 U = 1.2 D + 1.0 W + f1 L +0.5 (Lr or R) = 1.2D
+0.5L
 U = 1.2 D + 1.0 E+ f1 L = 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L

 U = 0.9 D + 1.0 W + 1.6 H = 0.9D

 U = 0.9 D + 1.0 E + 1.6 H = 0.9D +1.0E
 Load Combination for Strength Design

Apply earthquake load combinations

The basic load combinations for strength design (or LRFD) are given in
Section 203.3.1. For this example, the applicable equations are:

1.2D + 1.0E + f1L

(Section 203‐5)
0.9D  1.0E

(Section 203‐6)
Using Equation (203‐5) and Equation (203‐6), the strength design
moment at A for combined dead, live, and seismic forces are
determined.

MA = 1.2MD +1.0ME + f1ML

MA = 0.9M=D1.2(135)+1.0(211)+0.5(65)
1.0ME = 0.9(135)1.0(211) = 333 kN‐m or –90 kN‐m
= 406
Therefore, M = 406
A kN‐m orkN‐m
–90 kN‐m
Load Combination for Strength Design
Apply earthquake load combinations,
continuation…

MA = 0.9MD  1.0ME
= 0.9(135) 1.0(211)
= 333 kN‐m or –90 kN‐m
MA = 1.2MD + 1.6ML
= 1.2(135)+1.6(65)
= 266 kN‐m

Therefore, MA = 406 kN‐m or –90

kN‐m
Strength design axial load and moment at
column top C.
Determine Earthquake load E:
E = ρEh + Ev
where

Ev = 0.5CaID = 0.22D
for axial load

E = ρEh + Ev = 1.1(490)+0.22(400) =
627 kN
for moment

E = ρEh + Ev = 1.1(220)+0.22(55) = 254

kN
Apply Earthquake Load combinations:
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L (Section 203‐5)
0.9D  1.0E (Section 203‐6)

Design axial force Pc at point C is calculated as

Pc = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
= 1.2(400)+1.0(627)+0.5(180)
= 1197 kN

Pc = 0.9D  1.0E = 0.9(400)  1.0(627) = 987 kN‐m or ‐267 kN

Therefore, Pc = 1197 kN or –267 kN

Apply Earthquake Load combinations, continued
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L (Section 203‐5)
0.9D  1.0E (Section 203‐6)

Design axial force Pc at point C is calculated as

Pc = 0.9D  1.0E
= 0.9(400)  1.0(627)
= 987 kN‐m or ‐267 kN
Therefore, Pc = 1197 kN or –267 kN
Design moment Mc at point C is calculated :

Mc = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L

= 1.2(55)+1.0(254)+0.5(30)
= 335 kN‐m

Mc = 0.9D  1.0E
= 0.9(55)  1.0(254)
= 304 kN‐m or ‐205 kN‐m

Therefore, Mc = 335 kN‐m or –205 kN‐m



 Note that the column section capacity must be designed for the interaction of Pc = 1197 kN compression and Mc = 335 kN‐m (for dead, live and
earthquake), and the interaction of Pc = 267 kN tension and Mc = ‐205 kN‐m (for dead and earthquake).
Design moment Mc at point C is calculated , continued

Note that the column section capacity must be

designed for the interaction of Pc = 1197 kN
compression and Mc = 335 kN‐m (for dead, live and
earthquake), and the interaction of Pc = 267 kN
tension and Mc = ‐205 kN‐m (for dead and
earthquake).
 Significant Changes to Chapter 2
Minimum Design Loads

 Load combinations for are changed due to

the use of strength‐based wind loading based
on ASCE 7‐10
 Additional live load designations for parking,
garage, and ramp live loading
 Basic wind speed are revised based on
latest studies
 For communication towers, ANSI TIA/EIA
222G latest edition is fully referenced in the
NSCP
 Significant Changes to Chapter 2
Loads and Actions
 Near‐source factors are revised to consider distance
to source <2 km to be distinct and with higher values
 Revision of magnitude limits for Seismic Source Type
A
 Use of spectral acceleration based on ASCE/SEI 7‐10
is recognized as an alternative procedure for
determining earthquake forces

 Rest of the Sections in Chapter 2 are unchanged with

reference to NSCP 2010 6th Edition
THANK YOU