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    Resistivity Logging

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    UmarDhillon
    The document discusses resistivity logging tools and methods. It describes how resistivity tools like laterologs and induction logs measure formation resistivity to determine fluid properties. Laterologs use electrodes to force current into the formation and measure voltage. Induction logs emit high frequency currents to induce currents in the formation which are measured. Factors like mud type, invasion, and borehole conditions are discussed in interpreting resistivity measurements to determine true formation resistivity away from the borehole.

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    Resistivity Logging

    Uploaded by

    UmarDhillon
    25 views33 pages
    The document discusses resistivity logging tools and methods. It describes how resistivity tools like laterologs and induction logs measure formation resistivity to determine fluid properties. Laterologs use electrodes to force current into the formation and measure voltage. Induction logs emit high frequency currents to induce currents in the formation which are measured. Factors like mud type, invasion, and borehole conditions are discussed in interpreting resistivity measurements to determine true formation resistivity away from the borehole.

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    The document discusses resistivity logging tools and methods. It describes how resistivity tools like laterologs and induction logs measure formation resistivity to determine fluid properties. Laterologs use electrodes to force current into the formation and measure voltage. Induction logs emit high frequency currents to induce currents in the formation which are measured. Factors like mud type, invasion, and borehole conditions are discussed in interpreting resistivity measurements to determine true formation resistivity away from the borehole.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    25 views33 pages

    Resistivity Logging

    Uploaded by

    UmarDhillon
    The document discusses resistivity logging tools and methods. It describes how resistivity tools like laterologs and induction logs measure formation resistivity to determine fluid properties. Laterologs use electrodes to force current into the formation and measure voltage. Induction logs emit high frequency currents to induce currents in the formation which are measured. Factors like mud type, invasion, and borehole conditions are discussed in interpreting resistivity measurements to determine true formation resistivity away from the borehole.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    Resistivity Logging

    Resistivity & SP Tools

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Reference Books
    • The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs by Malcolm Rider and
    Martin Kennedy
    • Chapter 7
    • Open hole log and Formation Evaluation by Richard M Bateman
    • Chapter 11 For numerical part

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Overview
    • Formation: Reservoir quality
    • Fluid: Oil, Gas or Water
    • Borehole: Environmental factors

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Formation Properties
    • Radioactivity
    • Porosity
    • Grain density
    • Pore Size
    • Stratigraphy
    • Bedding, Dip
    • Sonic Velocity
    • Seismic Velocity

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Fluid Properties
    • Salinity (Resistivity)
    • Density
    • Saturation
    • Pressure
    • Temperature
    • Viscosity
    • Mobility
    • Bubble Point

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Borehole Properties
    • Depth
    • Caliper
    • Spontaneous Potential
    • Temperature
    • Cable Tension
    • Deviation, Azimuth

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Basic Resistivity
    • 

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Formation Resistivity

    Rmc Rs

    Adjacent Bed
    Rxo Rt
    Invaded Rw
    Rmf
    h Virgin Zone
    Zone Sxo Sw

    tmc - mud cake thickness

    Adjacent Bed Rm

    Di

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Mud Invasion

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Mud Invasion

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Resistivity Logging
    • Electrode type tools (resistivity)
    • Laterolog
    • Micro Speherically Focused (MSFL)
    • Induction Tools (conductivity)
    • Dual Induction/HRI
    • Array Induction Tools

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Electrode Type Tools
    • Force (AC) current between two (or more) electrodes.
    • Measure voltage between two intermediate electrodes.
    • Force current to flow in zone of interest by using ‘bucking’ currents.
    • Do not work in nonconductive muds such as OBM.
    • Can give extremely high resolution and depth of investigation.

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Laterolog Principle

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Bucking Currents

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Dual Laterolog Tools
    • Two depths of investigation – LLD and LLS
    • Deep current returns to a surface electrode.
    • Insulated bridle to give a far deep voltage reference.
    • Normally run together with MSFL to give Rxo.

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    MSFL Principle

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    MSFL Tool
    • Pad based tool, similar to density.
    • Pad is kept in contact by a caliper.
    • Pad uses a spherical pattern of bucking currents to focus measure
    current.
    • Can be affected by hole rugosity.
    • Pad is rubber and can be damaged.

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Induction Principles

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Dual Induction Tools
    • Two coil arrays emit a high frequency signal to excite the formation.
    • The formation current generates a weak secondary signal which is detected by
    receiver coils.
    • Strong direct signal from transmitter is (approx) 90 degree out of phase with
    formation signal.
    • Formation signal is focused by combination of coils in array and by source
    receiver spacing.
    • Reading will be compromised by highly conductive (saline) water-based muds.
    • Normally poorer vertical resolution and depth of investigation than laterolog
    tools.

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Array Induction tools
    • Large number of simpler coils at many different spacings.
    • The data from all the coils at different frequencies and phases is used
    at surface to compute focused Resistivity readings.
    • Depths of investigation and vertical resolution become software
    selectable.
    • Can be focussed as close as 10” horizontally and 12” vertically.
    • More sensitive to erratic tool motion.

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Resistivity Log

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Resistivity Test 1
    1. Which three of the following are normally measured in the invaded zone: Rw,
    Sxo, Rxo, Rt, Rmf, Sw?
    2. In a fresh mud system where Rmf>Rw the deep resistivity would normally be
    (HIGHER/LOWER) than the shallow?
    3. What is the definition of conductivity?
    4. Name the tool types that are normally referred to as ‘electrode’ type tools.
    5. On electrode type tools why do we not normally measure voltage at the same
    electrodes as the current flows to/from?

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Resistivity Test 2
    6. How to we focus the current to flow in the zone of interest?
    7. On a laterolog tool where do the shallow and deep currents flow
    to?
    8. Why does a laterolog use an insulated bridle?
    9. What other tool is normally run in combination?
    10. Which of the following tools has a built in caliper? (Array Induction,
    Dual Laterolog, MSFL, Dual Induction)

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Resistivity Test 3
    11. Name two factors that can affect the MSFL reading.
    12. Why does the formation signal for an induction tool not get swamped by the
    direct signal from the transmitter coil?
    13. Induction tools work best in which mud type (Saline/Non Conductive).
    14. Laterolog type tools work best in which mud type (Saline/Non Conductive).
    15. MSFL type tools work best in which mud type (Saline/Non Conductive).

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Resistivity Test 4
    16. SP is an acronym for what borehole property?
    17. The SP measures a voltage or a current?
    18. The SP system uses 2 electrodes – where are they located.
    19. If the SP deflects in the same direction as the GR is Rmf greater or
    less than Rw?
    20. Name two causes of bad SP logs.

    NFC intitute of Engineering & Technology , Multan


    Induction Log
    • The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs by Malcolm Rider and
    Martin Kennedy
    • Chapter 5 Page 79
    • Open hole log and Formation Evaluation by Richard M Bateman
    • Chapter 12 For numerical part
    Induction Log
    • Induction logs measure the formation conductivity rather than
    resistivity.
    • Formation conductivity is related to formation resistivity as below:

    Here
    C= Conductivity in milliohm/m (milliSiemens)
    R= Resistivity in Ohm-m
    Principal
    • An induction tool consists of several transmitting coils that emit a high
    frequency AC current of constant intensity.
    • This alternating current induces currents in the formation.
    • These currents flow as ground loop currents perpendicular to the axis
    of logging tool and create electromagnetic field which induces signals
    in the receiver coil.
    • The responses of the individual coils are combined in such a way as to
    minimize the effect of materials in the borehole.
    • That is the invaded zone and the other nearby formations.
    The Induction log
    • The induction log works best in a wells containing non conduction
    fluids in the borehole (such as air and oil-based mud or freshwater
    muds).
    • They are most affected by salty muds.
    • Induction logs work best in low to moderate formation resistivities.
    • The uncertainty in the measurements increases at high formation
    resistivities making induction log less desirable than Laterolog for high
    resistive formations (In which resistivities are greater than about 100
    ohm-m).
    Induction
    Current Paths
    Distribution of
    the Formation
    Fluids in the
    vicinity of the
    wellbore.
    Resistivity Correction for skin effect
    • Rxo= Resistivtiy of the Flushed zone
    • Ri= Resistivtiy of the Invaded zone
    • Rt= Resistivtiy of the uninvaded (true) zone
    Resistivity
    Correction

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