Some DFJDFHJD

INTRODUCTIO
N
PHYSICS
It is the science of matter and energy. Its field is restricted to
those phenomena in which the nature of bodies most frequently
is not changed. Physics is a precise science and its natural
language is mathematics.
PARTS OF PHYSICS
Physics is classified into groups according to the dominant
form of energy involved. The divisions most frequently used
are: Mechanics, Heat, Sound, Magnetism, Electricity, Light and
Nuclear.
INTRODUCTIO
N
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
The coupling of observation reason and experiment.
MEASUREMENT
Measurement is essentially a comparison. To measure is to
compare a magnitude with another of the same unit to ascertain
how many times the second is contained in the first.
o Precision: how near repeated measurements of the same
quantity agree with each other. It depends on the fineness of
calibration of the measuring device.
o Accuracy: how a measurement or multiple measurements
agree with a true value (standard control).
INTRODUCTIO
N
FUNDA MENTAL CONCEPTS
1. Matter – The main manifestation of matter are: it

occupies space, it possesses inertia, is subjected to
gravitation.
2. Mass – The quantity of matter that contains body.
3. Force – The push or pull exerted on a body.
4. Motion – It is the change in position of a
body with
respect to another body in time, or of some of its parts with
respect to another.
INTRODUCTIO
N
SYSTEM OF UNITS
System of units is set of standards for some or all the basic
units.
In a system of units that evolved in English-speaking
countries, the so-called English System, the units of length,
mass, and time are the foot, slug, and second respectively.
In the Metric System are the meter, kilogram, and second
respectively.
The modernized version of the metric system, based on
atomic standards is called the SI system, from the French
Systeme International d’ Unites (International system of units)
𝐿𝐸𝑁𝐺𝑇𝐻 𝑀𝐴𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝐼𝑀𝐸
𝐸𝑁𝐺𝐿𝐼𝑆𝐻 − 𝐹𝑂𝑂𝑇 , 𝑓𝑡 𝑆𝐿𝑈𝐺 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷 ,𝑆

𝑓𝑝𝑠 (𝑙𝑏𝑚 − 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)
𝑀𝐸𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐶 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 , 𝑚 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 , 𝑘𝑔 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷 ,𝑆

mk
cg 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ,𝑐𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 , 𝑔 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷 ,𝑆
𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

INTRODUCTIO
N
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
If the mass is accurately recorded as 56.0 kg, it means that the
true mass lies between 55.95 and 56.05 kg. The accurate known
digits, plus one certain digit, are called significant figures. The 5
and 6, which are accurate, and the 0, which is uncertain.
6.00 𝐺𝐻𝑧
6 𝐺𝐻𝑧
INTRODUCTIO
N
Rules to ensure that your answers always contain the
correct number of significant figures:
In multiplication and division, the answer must contain

the same number of significant figures as the term with the
least number of significant figures.
Example: (16.79) (14.6) = 245.134. The answers should be

reported as 245.00. Why? Because the term with the least
number of significant figures = 14.6 has only 3 significant
figures.
INTRODUCTIO
N
In addition and subtraction, the answer must contain
the same number of decimal places as the term with the
least number of decimal places.
Example: 18.02
12.2
328.445
358.665
How will the answer be reported? The term with the least
number of decimal places (12.2) has only 1 decimal
place. The answer then can contain only one decimal
place. Answer = 358.7
INTRODUCTIO
N
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION (POWERS OF TEN NOTATION)
When writing numbers, especially those involving many
zeroes before or after the decimal point, it is convenient to use
the scientific notation using powers of ten.
A scientific notation number has the general formula: N
× 10exponent ; where N = a number between 1 and 10 and the
exponent is a whole number that is the power to which a
number is raised.
Example :
1,000,000 = 1 × 106
This is written by moving the decimal point six (6) places to the
left and using the exponent 6.
1 million = 1,000,000 = 1 × 106
INTRODUCTIO
N
Types of Exponents
Positive exponent: indicates how many times a base must be
multiplied by itself to produce the original figure.
Example:
1 million = 1,000,000 = (10)(10)(10)(10)(10)(10) = 1 × 106
A positive exponent signifies that the number is greater than 1.
Negative exponent: indicates how many times 1 must be
divided by the base to produce the original figure.
Example:
1 millionth = 1/1,000,000 = 1/(10)(10)(10)(10)(10)(10) = 1 ×
10-6
A negative exponent signifies that the number is less than 1.
INTRODUCTIO
N
ROUNDING OF DATA
When the numbers desired to be drop is from 0 to 4 drop the
number and if from 6 to 9, add one to the preceding number.
If it is exactly5, the odd-even rule should be followed, if the
number that precedes is even retain the number and add one if it
is odd.
Therefore if it is exactly 5, the rounded number is always
even, otherwise if some more numbers of value come after five,
then add one to the number that precedes.
45.73 ≈ 45.7
85.85 ≈ 85.9
INTRODUCTIO
N
BASIC UNITS OF THE SI SYSTEM
QUANTITY UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric Current Ampere A
Temperature degree Kelvin K
Amount of mole mol
Substance
Luminous Intensity candela cd
𝑚𝑚−𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 10− 3 (𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖)
𝑀 −𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎 (10 6) 𝑘𝑚− 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜 (103 )
INTRODUCTIO
N
DERIVED UNITS with SPECIAL NAMES
QUANTITY UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL
Frequency Hertz Hz (s-1)
Force Newton N (Kg m /s2)
Pressure Pascal Pa ( N/m2)
Energy, Work Joule J (N m)
Power Watt W (J / s)
Electric Charge Coulomb C (A s)
Electric Potential Volt V (W / A)
Capacitance Farad F (C / V)
Electric Resistance Ohm Ω ( V / A)
Magnetic Flux Weber Wb (V s)
Magnetic Field
Intensity (Flux Density) Tesla T (Wb / m2)
Inductance Henry H (Wb / A)
INTRODUCTION
PREFIXES for MULTIPLE of SI UNITS

PREFIX SYMBOL VALUE
Exa E 1018
Peta P 1015
Tera T 1012
Giga G 109
Mega M 106
Kilo K 103
Hecto h 102
Deka da 10-11
Deci d 10
Centi c 10-2
Milli m 10-3
Micro µ 10-6
Nano n 10-9
Pico p 10-12
Femto f 10-15
Atto a 10-18
INTRODUCTIO
N
INTRODUCTIO
N
1 h𝑝=746 𝑊
INTRODUCTIO
N
CONVERTING UNITS
Example 1: The 100-m dash.
What is the length of the 100-m dash expressed in
yards?
Which is longer 100-m dash or1 𝑓𝑡100-yard
=12 𝑖𝑛 dash?
SOLUTION:
1 yd. = 3 ft. =1m
Since: 36=in. = (36 in.)(2.54
100cm so, 1yd.cm/in.) = 91.44 cm.
Therefore: = .9144m 1m = 1.094 yd.
Then: 100m = (100m)(1.094yd / m)
100m = 109.4 yd
INTRODUCTIO
N
CONVERTING UNITS
Example 2: Area of a cell membrane.
A round membrane has an area of 1.25 square inches.
Express this in square centimeters.
SOLUTION:
1 in. = 2.54 cm.
Then, 1 in.2 = (2.54cm.)2 = 6.45cm.2
Therefore:
1.25 in.2 = (1.25 in.2)(6.45cm2 / in2)
1.25 in.2 = 8.06cm.2
𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡=𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑚𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟 h𝑜𝑢𝑟
INTRODUCTIO
N
CONVERTING UNITS
Example 3: Speed.
Where the posted speed limit is 55 miles per hour (mi/h or
mph), what is this speed (A) in meters per second (m/s) and
(B) in kilometers per hour (km/h)
SOLUTION A: 1𝑚𝑖=1.609 𝑘𝑚=1609 𝑚
1 mi. = (5280 ft)(12 in / ft)(2.54 cm / in)(1m / 100 cm) 1 mi.

𝑚𝑖 = 1609m
1 hr = (60 min / h)(60 s / min)
1 hr = 3600 s
55 mi / h = (55mi / h)(1609m/mi)(1h / 3600s)
55 mi / h = 25 m / s
1𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 ( 𝑛𝑚 )=1.854 𝑘𝑚 1 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡=1 𝑛𝑚/h

INTRODUCTIO
N
CONVERTING UNITS
Example 3: Speed.
Where the posted speed limit is 55 miles per hour (mi/h or
mph), what is this speed (A) in meters per second (m/s) and
(B) in kilometers per hour (km/h)
SOLUTION B:
1 mi = 1609 m = 1.609 km
55 mi / h = (55 mi / h)(1.609 km / mi)
55 mi / h = 88 km /h
𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑘𝑚
𝑥
h𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑆𝑂𝐻
CA
𝑐 𝑇𝑂𝐴
𝑏
𝜃
𝑎
𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=
𝑎
tan
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃= 𝑐
𝑐
2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑐

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INTRODUCTIO

1. Matter – The main manifestation of matter are: it

𝐸𝑁𝐺𝐿𝐼𝑆𝐻 − 𝐹𝑂𝑂𝑇 , 𝑓𝑡 𝑆𝐿𝑈𝐺 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷 ,𝑆

𝑀𝐸𝑇𝑅𝐼𝐶 − 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 , 𝑚 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 , 𝑘𝑔 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷 ,𝑆

cg 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ,𝑐𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 , 𝑔 𝑆𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐷 ,𝑆

𝑙𝑏𝑓 − 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

In multiplication and division, the answer must contain

Example: (16.79) (14.6) = 245.134. The answers should be

PREFIXES for MULTIPLE of SI UNITS

1 mi. = (5280 ft)(12 in / ft)(2.54 cm / in)(1m / 100 cm) 1 mi.

1𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 ( 𝑛𝑚 )=1.854 𝑘𝑚 1 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡=1 𝑛𝑚/h

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