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    Covalent Bonding

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    Dearbhla Hubbard
    Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds between atoms, resulting in very high boiling points that require a significant amount of energy to break the bonds. While most covalent structures do not conduct electricity, graphite is an exception due to its unique layered structure.

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    Covalent Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Dearbhla Hubbard
    10 views22 pages
    Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds between atoms, resulting in very high boiling points that require a significant amount of energy to break the bonds. While most covalent structures do not conduct electricity, graphite is an exception due to its unique layered structure.

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    3. Covalent Bonding

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    Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds between atoms, resulting in very high boiling points that require a significant amount of energy to break the bonds. While most covalent structures do not conduct electricity, graphite is an exception due to its unique layered structure.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    10 views22 pages

    Covalent Bonding

    Uploaded by

    Dearbhla Hubbard
    Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Giant covalent structures like diamond and graphite have very strong covalent bonds between atoms, resulting in very high boiling points that require a significant amount of energy to break the bonds. While most covalent structures do not conduct electricity, graphite is an exception due to its unique layered structure.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Covalent bonding Wednesday, 28 June 2023

    What happens to electrons in Give examples of giant


    covalent bonding? covalent structures
    Electrons are shared Diamond, graphite, silicon, silicon
    dioxide

    1 2

    Are boiling points high or low for Can covalent bonds


    giant covalent structures? conduct electricity?
    Very high- requires a lot of energy to No (except graphite)
    break bonds
    3 4
    3: Covalent bonding
    • Define covalent bonding
    • Construct dot-and-cross diagram
    • Use average bond enthalpy as a measure of covalent
    bond strength

    • Starter:

    covalent bonding
    Single covalent
    Multiple covalent
    Dative covalent
    Easy exam mark

    Definition…

    Covalent bonding is the strong


    electrostatic attraction between a shared
    pair of electrons and the nuclei of the
    bonded atoms
    A Covalent bond

    • Is a bond formed by a shared pair of


    electrons
    • It occurs between non-metals
    • The electron pair occupies the space
    between 2 atoms
    • The - charge electrons are attracted to
    the + charged nuclei which, overcomes
    the repulsion of the + charged nulclei
    Single covalent bonds
    • Each H has 1e- in outer shell
    • Each H contributes 1e- to the covalent bond
    • The bond is shown as a line H-H

    H2

    • This is a directional bond between the 2 atoms


    • This is contrast to ionic bond which attracts in all
    directions
    Other examples…

    • All atoms have achieved a full outer shell of e- (noble gas


    configuration)
    • All unpaired electrons have been spin paired.
    • H – 1 bond
    • O – 2 bonds
    • N – 3 bonds
    • C- 4 bonds
    Lone pairs
    1 lone pair of
    2 lone electrons
    pairs of
    electrons

    • An outer shell electron pair not used for chemical


    bonding is known as a lone pair of electrons
    • A lone pair gives a concentrated region of – charge
    around the atom.
    • (We will look how this can effect the chemistry of
    the molecules later)
    Multiple covalent bonds
    Sharing 2 Sharing 3 Sharing 2 Sharing 2
    pairs of e- pairs of e-
    pairs of e- pairs of e-

    • More than 1 pair of electrons can be


    shared to form multiple covalent bonds
    Have a go...
    Have a go...
    A dative covalent bonds is…
    • A shared pair of electrons which has been
    provided by 1 bonding atom only
    • However, once formed the dative covalent
    bond is equivalent to all other covalent bonds
    – you can’t tell which is formed by the Lp
    A dative covalent bond

    The direction of the arrow


    shows the direction in which
    the e- pair has been donated –
    N has donated the electrons
    to form the bond
    Ammonium ion, NH4+
    • 3 covalent bonds, 1 dative covalent bond
    • N has a Lp of electrons which it uses to
    provide both bonding pair of e-s to H+ ion
    • Therefore NH4+ ion has a positive charge

    bonding pair
    Lone pair of
    of electrons
    electrons
    Oxonium ion, H3O+

    • When an acid is added to water, water


    molecules form H3O+
    •

    • In equations we shorted H3O+ to H+(aq)

    Oxygen supplies both


    the bonding pair of
    electrons to form the
    dative covalent bond
    How many covalent
    bonds?

    • It is not always possible to fulfill the


    octet rule (noble gas e- configuration):
     There may not be enough electrons
     More than 4 electrons may pair up in
    bonding
    Not reaching the Octet
    • B and Be form covalent bonds without
    fulfilling the octet rule but do pair up
    any unpaired electrons

    • Boron has 3 e- in the outer shell


    • Fluorine has 7 e- in the outer shell

    • 3 covalent bonds form


    • boron’s electrons are now spin paired
    • each F has achieved the octet
    Boron trifluoride
    Expansion of the octet
    • From period 3, element in groups 5-7 do some weird stuff!!
    • As we more down the period table more of the outer shell
    electrons can take part in bonding – we get more than 8e- in
    the outer shell

    • Non-metals in group 5 (P, As) – form 3/5 covalent bonds


    • Non-metals in group 6 (S, Se, Te) – form 2/4/6 covalent
    bonds
    • Non-metals in group 7 (Cl, Br, I, At) – form 1/3/5/7
    covalent bonds
    Example
    • S has 6e- in the outer shell
    which can be paired
    • 6 covalent bonds form
    • 12e- surround S
    • F achieves the octet rule

    Better rules than the octet rule:


    -Unpaired electrons pair up
    -Maximum number of e-s that can pair
    Sulphur hexafluoride, up is equal to the number of e-s in the
    SF6 outer shell
    Have a go...
    Enthalpy is a posh word for energy

    Covalent bond strength


    • Average bond enthalpy measures the energy
    required to break a covalent bond

    • The larger the value the stronger the covalent


    bond so the more energy required to break it.

    • The strength depends on


    • 1. orbital overlap
    • 2. how strongly the nuclei are attracted to the
    shared electrons
    Have a go...
    • Page 103
    • Application
    • Recall
    Have a go...

    exam questions

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