ch1 Magnetic Circuits
ch1 Magnetic Circuits
ch1 Magnetic Circuits
22215)
• Examination scheme –
1. Theory(100M) – 1. End semester examination = 70 M
(min- 28M)
2. Progressive assessment = 30M
(10 M – Micro project, 20M- Average of two class test )
2. Practical(50M) – Internal assessment = 25M
External assessment = 25M
Manual Submission = 25M
1. Electric and Magnetic Circuits (08M)
COURSE OUTCOME-
Use principles of magnetic circuits to solve
engineering problems
Technical terms related to electric circuits
1. Current – Rate of flow of electrons is called as
current. Denoted by I. Unit is Ampere (A)
• Alternating current (AC):
An AC is one which periodically passes
through a definite cycle of changes in respect of
magnitude as well as direction.
• Direct current (DC):
The DC is that current which flows
continuously in one direction and has constant
magnitude with respect to time.
A.C. and D.C. quantities
2. Potential difference
B=Φ/A
F = m1 * m2 / (4¶ µo µr d² )
F is in newtons
4. Magnetic Field Strength:
The force experienced by a unit north pole
placed at any point in a magnetic field is known
as magnetic field strength at that point.
It is represented by H
It units is newton per weber (N/Wb) or
amperes per meter (A/m) .
H = B/ µ
4. Magnetic field strength (H)
= 500 AT/M
5. Permeability
• A property of magnetic material which indicates the
ability of magnetic circuit to carry electromagnetic
flux
• It is the ratio of flux density to the magnetic field
strength
• Magnetic circuit :
9.Magnetic leakage factor-
• All the flux lines created by a current carrying coil
may not be confined to the magnetic core
associated with that coil.
• The amount of flux which is perfectly confined in
the magnetic core is known as useful flux.
• The flux may be in very little amount which is not
confined to the magnetic core is known as
leakage flux. This flux is practically useless.
Magnetic leakage factor-
S = l/ (μ0μra).
R = ρ. l/a. Directly proportional to l.
Directly proportional to l. Inversely proportional to μ
Inversely proportional to a. = μ0μr.
Depends on nature of material. Inversely proportional to a
Time
= Nφ2 – Nφ1
t
According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the induced emf (e)
is given by
e ∝ Rate of change of flux linkages
∝ = Nφ2 – Nφ1
t
e = N (φ2 – φ1) Volts
t
where K is the constant of proportionality.
Expressing the above equation in differential form, we get
e = N dφ
dt
Direction of Induced EMF:
• Direction of induced emf is given by following
laws
1. Flemings right hand rule
2. Lenz’s law
1. Fleming Right Hand Rule
If a conductor is forcefully brought under a magnetic
field, there will be an induced current or EMF in that
conductor. then direction of the induced current or
EMF is given by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule.
Statement:
Hold out the right hand with the first finger, second
finger and thumb at right angle to each other. If first
finger represents the direction of magnetic field (N to
S), the thumb points in the direction of motion or
applied force, then second finger points in the
direction of the induced current.
2.Lenz’s Law
• Lenz's law states that the direction of induced emf
during the process of electromagnetic induction is
always such that it will set up a current to oppose the
basic cause responsible for inducing the emf.
• The negative sign used in
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, indicates
that the induced emf and the change in
magnetic flux have opposite signs.
Explanation of Lenz's Law
CASE-I When a magnet is moving towards the coil.
• where,
N – number of turns in the coil
Φ – magnetic flux
I – current flowing through the coil
The unit of inductance is Henry (H).
B) Mutually Induced EMF:
The emf induced in a coil due to the change of flux produced by
another neighbouring coil linking to it, is called Mutually Induced
emf.
Consider a coil A and B. Coil B is having N2 number of turns and is
placed near another coil A having N1 number of turns as shown in the
figure below.
When the switch (S) is closed in the circuit shown above current
I1 flows through the coil A, and it produces the fluxφ 1. Most of the
flux says φ2 links with the other coil B.
If the current flowing through the coil A is changed by changing the
value of variable resistor R, it changes flux linking with the other
coil B and hence emf is induced in the coil. This induced emf is
called Mutually Induced emf.
The direction of the induced emf is such that it
opposes the cause which produces it, that means
it opposes the change of current in the first coil.
This effect of opposition caused by its own reason
of production is called Lenz’s Law.
A galvanometer (G) is connected to the coil B for
measuring the induced emf.
• Magnitude of mutually Induced EMF:
Let, N1 = Number of turns of coil A
N2 = Number of turns of coil B
I1 = Current flowing through coil A
Φ1 = Flux producing due to current I1 in webers.
Φ2 = Flux linking with coil B
According to Faraday’s law, the induced e.m.f in coil B is,
E2 = -N2 (dΦ2/dt)
Negative sign indicates that this e.m.f. will set up a current which will oppose
the change of flux likning with it.
Now Φ2 = Φ2/I1 x I1
If permeability of the surrounds is assumed constant then Φ2 ∝ I1 and hence
Φ2/I1 is constant.
∴ Rate of change of Φ2 = (Φ2/I1) x Rate of change of current I1
∴ dΦ2/dt = (Φ2/I1) x (dI1/dt)
E2 = -N2 x ( Φ2/I1) x (dI1/dt)
E2 = - (N2 Φ2/I1) (dI1/dt)
Here (N2 Φ2/I1) is called coefficient of mutual inductance denoted by M.
E = -M(dI /dt) Volts
Mutual Inductance
• Mutual Inductance between the two coils is
defined as the property of the coil due to
which it opposes the change of current in the
other coil.